Umoya ococekileyo ubalulekile kubomi obunempilo, kodwa ngokutsho koMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO), phantse i-99% yabemi behlabathi baphefumla umoya ongaphezulu kwemida yabo yesikhokelo yongcoliseko lomoya. "Umgangatho womoya ngumlinganiselo wokuba zininzi kangakanani izinto ezisemoyeni, ezibandakanya i-particle kunye nongcoliseko lwegesi," watsho uKristina Pistone, isazinzulu sophando kwi-NASA Ames Research Centre. Uphando lukaPistone lubandakanya zombini iindawo zomoya kunye nemozulu, kugxilwe kwimpembelelo yamasuntswana omoya kwimozulu kunye namafu. “Kubalulekile ukuqonda umgangatho womoya kuba uchaphazela impilo yakho nendlela onokuthi uphile ngayo ubomi bakho kwaye uqhubeke nosuku lwakho,” utshilo uPistone. Siye sahlala phantsi noPistone ukuze sifunde ngakumbi malunga nomgangatho womoya kunye nokuba unokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo njani kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Yintoni eyenza umgangatho womoya?
Kukho izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezithandathu ezilawulwa yi-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eUnited States: i-particulate matter (PM), ii-nitrogen oxides, i-ozone, ii-sulphur oxides, i-carbon monoxide, kunye nelothe. Ezi zingcolisi zivela kwimithombo yendalo, efana ne-particle ekhuphuka emoyeni ukusuka kwimililo kunye nothuli lwasentlango, okanye kwimisebenzi yabantu, njenge-ozone eveliswa ekukhanyeni kwelanga ekuphenduleni ukukhutshwa kwezithuthi.
Yintoni ukubaluleka komgangatho womoya?
Umgangatho womoya uchaphazela impilo kunye nomgangatho wobomi. “Kanye njengokuba kufuneka sisele amanzi, kufuneka siphefumle umoya,” utshilo uPistone. “Silindele amanzi acocekileyo kuba siyaqonda ukuba siyawadinga ukuze siphile kwaye sibesempilweni, kwaye kufuneka silindele okufanayo emoyeni wethu.”
Umgangatho womoya ophantsi ubotshelelwe kwi-cardiovascular and breathing effects kubantu. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwexesha elifutshane kwi-nitrogen dioxide (NO2), umzekelo, kunokubangela iimpawu zokuphefumula ezifana nokukhwehlela kunye nokuphefumla, kunye nokubonakaliswa kwexesha elide kwandisa umngcipheko wokuphuhlisa izifo zokuphefumula ezifana ne-asthma okanye izifo zokuphefumula. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-ozone kunokunyusa imiphunga kwaye konakalise iindlela zomoya. Ukutyhileka kwi-PM2.5 (i-particulates 2.5 micrometers okanye encinci) kubangela ukucaphuka kwemiphunga kwaye kuye kwadityaniswa nentliziyo kunye nezifo zemiphunga.
Ukongeza kwiimpembelelo zayo kwimpilo yabantu, umgangatho womoya ongekho mgangathweni ungonakalisa okusingqongileyo, ungcolise imizimba yamanzi ngokwenziwa kweasidi kunye ne-eutrophication. Ezi nkqubo zibulala izityalo, ziphelisa izondlo zomhlaba, zize zenzakalise nezilwanyana.
Ukulinganisa uMgangatho woMoya: Isalathiso soMgangatho woMoya (AQI)
Umgangatho womoya ufana nemozulu; inokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza, kwanakwiiyure nje ezimbalwa. Ukulinganisa kunye nokunika ingxelo ngomgangatho womoya, i-EPA isebenzisa i-United States Air Quality Index (AQI). I-AQI ibalwa ngokulinganisa nganye kwezintandathu ezingcolisa umoya eziziiprayimari kwisikali ukusuka kwi "Good" ukuya kwi "Hazardous," ukuvelisa ixabiso lenani le-AQI elidibeneyo 0-500.
“Ngesiqhelo xa sithetha ngomgangatho womoya, siye sithi kukho izinto ezisemoyeni esizaziyo ukuba azilunganga ukuba umntu aphefumle ngalo lonke ixesha,” utshilo uPistone. Ke ukuze ube nomgangatho womoya olungileyo, kufuneka ube ngaphantsi komda othile wongcoliseko. Iindawo ezijikeleze ihlabathi zisebenzisa imiqobo eyahlukeneyo yomgangatho womoya "olungileyo", osoloko uxhomekeke kungcoliseko lwemilinganiselo yenkqubo yabo. Kwinkqubo ye-EPA, ixabiso le-AQI le-50 okanye ngaphantsi libhekwa njengelilungileyo, ngelixa i-51-100 ithathwa njengemodareyitha. Ixabiso le-AQI phakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-150 libhekwa njengelingenampilo kumaqela abuthathaka, kwaye amaxabiso aphezulu angenampilo kuwo wonke umntu; isilumkiso sezempilo sikhutshwa xa i-AQI ifikelela kuma-200. Naliphi na ixabiso elingaphezu kwama-300 libonwa njengengozi, kwaye lihlala linxulunyaniswa nongcoliseko oluphuma kwimililo yasendle.
UPhando loMgangatho woMoya weNASA kunye neeMveliso zeDatha
Izinzwa zomgangatho womoya zisisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokubamba idatha yomgangatho womoya kumgangatho wendawo.
Kwi-2022, i-Trace Gas Group (TGGR) kwi-NASA Ames Research Centre isebenzise iTekhnoloji ye-Network Sensor engabiziyo yokuhlola ukungcola, okanye i-INSTEP: inethiwekhi entsha yexabiso eliphantsi leenzwa zomoya ezilinganisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokungcola. Ezi zivamvo zibamba idatha yomgangatho womoya kwiindawo ezithile eCalifornia, Colorado, naseMongolia, kwaye zingqineke ziluncedo ekujongeni umgangatho womoya ngexesha lomlilo laseCalifornia.
Uphando lwe-2024 Airborne kunye neSatellite yoMgangatho woMoya waseAsia (ASIA-AQ) mission data sensor data edibeneyo evela kwinqwelomoya, iisathelayithi, kunye namaqonga asekelwe phantsi komhlaba ukuhlola umgangatho womoya kumazwe amaninzi ase-Asia. Idatha efakwe kwizixhobo ezininzi kwezi nqwelomoya, ezifana neMeteorological Measurement System (MMS) esuka kwiNASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, isetyenziselwa ukucokisa iimodeli zomgangatho womoya ukuqikelela nokuvavanya iimeko zomgangatho womoya.
I-Arhente ngokubanzi, i-NASA inoluhlu lweesathelayithi zokujonga uMhlaba kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokubamba kunye nokuxela idatha yomgangatho womoya. Ngo-2023, i-NASA yasungula i-Tropospheric Emissions: Ukubeka iliso kwi-Pollution (TEMPO) mission, elinganisa umgangatho womoya kunye nongcoliseko kuMntla Melika. Isixhobo se-NASA soMhlaba, i-Atmosphere ekufuphi nexesha lokwenyani lokuSebenza koKuqwalaselwa koMhlaba (LANCE) ibonelela ngababikezeli bomgangatho womoya ngemilinganiselo ehlanganiswe kuninzi lwezixhobo zeNASA, kwiiyure ezintathu zokuqwalaselwa kwayo.
Ukuze sibe nendawo enempilo yomgangatho womoya, sinokubeka iliso kwidatha yomgangatho womoya ngexesha langempela. Ezi zilandelayo zizinzwa ezinokulinganisa iiparamitha zomgangatho womoya ezahlukeneyo
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-04-2024