Umoya ococekileyo ubalulekile ukuze umntu aphile ubomi obusempilweni, kodwa ngokutsho kweWorld Health Organisation (WHO), phantse ama-99% abantu behlabathi baphefumla umoya ogqitha imida yabo emiselweyo yongcoliseko lomoya. “Umgangatho womoya sisilinganiselo sokuba zingakanani izinto ezikumoya, ezibandakanya iinxalenye kunye nongcoliseko lwegesi,” utshilo uKristina Pistone, isazinzulu sophando kwiNASA Ames Research Center. Uphando lukaPistone lugubungela zombini iindawo zomoya kunye nemozulu, lugxile kwimpembelelo yamasuntswana omoya kwimozulu nasemafini. “Kubalulekile ukuqonda umgangatho womoya kuba uchaphazela impilo yakho kunye nendlela onokuhlala ngayo ubomi bakho kwaye uqhubeke nobomi bakho,” utshilo uPistone. Sihlale phantsi nePistone ukuze sifunde ngakumbi ngomgangatho womoya kunye nendlela onokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo.
Yintoni eyenza umgangatho womoya?
Kukho izinto ezintandathu eziphambili ezingcolisa umoya ezilawulwa yi-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) e-United States: izinto ezincinci (PM), ii-nitrogen oxides, i-ozone, ii-sulfur oxides, i-carbon monoxide, kunye ne-lead. Ezi zinto zingcolisa umoya zivela kwimithombo yendalo, njengezinto ezincinci ezinyuka ziye emoyeni zisuka kwimililo nothuli lwasentlango, okanye kwimisebenzi yabantu, njenge-ozone eveliswa kukukhanya kwelanga okusabela kwimiphunga yezithuthi.
Yintoni ukubaluleka komgangatho womoya?
Umgangatho womoya unefuthe kwimpilo nakumgangatho wobomi. “Njengoko kufuneka sitye amanzi, kufuneka siphefumle umoya,” utshilo uPistone. “Silindele amanzi acocekileyo kuba siyaqonda ukuba siyawadinga ukuze siphile kwaye sibe sempilweni, kwaye sifanele silindele okufanayo emoyeni wethu.”
Umgangatho womoya ophantsi unxulunyaniswe nemiphumo yentliziyo kunye nokuphefumla ebantwini. Umzekelo, ukuvezwa kwi-nitrogen dioxide (NO2) okwethutyana kunokubangela iimpawu zokuphefumla ezifana nokukhohlela nokuphefumla, kwaye ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwandisa umngcipheko wokufumana izifo zokuphefumla ezifana ne-asthma okanye usulelo lokuphefumla. Ukuvezwa kwi-ozone kungenza imiphunga ibe mandundu kwaye konakalise iindlela zomoya. Ukuvezwa kwi-PM2.5 (iinxalenye ezimalunga ne-2.5 micrometers okanye ezincinci) kubangela ukurhawuzelelwa kwemiphunga kwaye kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nezifo zentliziyo kunye nemiphunga.
Ukongeza kwimpembelelo yayo kwimpilo yabantu, umgangatho womoya ophantsi unokonakalisa okusingqongileyo, ungcolise imizimba yamanzi ngokwandisa i-asidi kunye nokunciphisa i-eutrophication. Ezi nkqubo zibulala izityalo, zinciphise izondlo zomhlaba, kwaye zonakalise izilwanyana.
Ukulinganisa Umgangatho Womoya: Isalathisi Somgangatho Womoya (i-AQI)
Umgangatho womoya ufana nemozulu; unokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza, nokuba kukwiiyure ezimbalwa. Ukulinganisa nokunika ingxelo ngomgangatho womoya, i-EPA isebenzisa i-United States Air Quality Index (AQI). I-AQI ibalwa ngokulinganisa ungcoliseko lomoya ngalunye kwezintandathu ziphambili kwisikali ukusuka "Elungileyo" ukuya "Eyingozi," ukuvelisa ixabiso elidibeneyo le-AQI elingu-0-500.
“Ngokwesiqhelo xa sithetha ngomgangatho womoya, sithi kukho izinto ezisemoyeni esizaziyo ukuba azilunganga ukuba abantu baphefumle rhoqo,” utshilo uPistone. “Ngoko ke ukuze ube nomgangatho womoya olungileyo, kufuneka ube ngaphantsi komda othile wongcoliseko.” Iindawo kwihlabathi liphela zisebenzisa imida eyahlukeneyo yomgangatho womoya “olungileyo”, odla ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni zeziphi izinto ezingcolisayo ezilinganiswa yinkqubo yazo. Kwinkqubo ye-EPA, ixabiso le-AQI elingama-50 okanye ngaphantsi lithathwa njengelilungileyo, ngelixa i-51-100 ithathwa njengeliphakathi. Ixabiso le-AQI eliphakathi kwe-100 ne-150 lithathwa njengelingalunganga kumaqela anovakalelo, kwaye amaxabiso aphezulu awanampilo kuye wonke umntu; isilumkiso sempilo sikhutshwa xa i-AQI ifikelela kuma-200. Naliphi na ixabiso elingaphezulu kwama-300 lithathwa njengelinobungozi, kwaye lihlala linxulunyaniswa nongcoliseko oluvela kwimililo yasendle.
Uphando lweNASA loMgangatho woMoya kunye neeMveliso zeDatha
Izinzwa zomgangatho womoya zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokufumana idatha yomgangatho womoya kwinqanaba lendawo.
Ngowama-2022, iTrace Gas GRup (TGGR) kwiNASA Ames Research Center yasebenzisa i-Inexpensive Network Sensor Technology for Exploring Pollution, okanye i-INSTEP: inethiwekhi entsha yee-sensor zomgangatho womoya ezingabizi kakhulu ezilinganisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zongcoliseko. Ezi sensor zibamba idatha yomgangatho womoya kwiindawo ezithile eCalifornia, eColorado, naseMongolia, kwaye zibonakalise ukuba ziluncedo ekujongeni umgangatho womoya ngexesha lomlilo eCalifornia.
Uphando lwe-Airborne kunye neSatellite loMgangatho woMoya waseAsia (i-ASIA-AQ) luka-2024 ludibanise idatha ye-sensor evela kwiinqwelomoya, iisathelayithi, kunye namaqonga asemhlabeni ukuvavanya umgangatho womoya kumazwe aliqela aseAsia. Idatha ethathwe kwizixhobo ezininzi kwezi moya, njengeMeteorological Measurement System (MMS) evela kwiNASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, isetyenziselwa ukuphucula iimodeli zomgangatho womoya ukuqikelela nokuvavanya iimeko zomgangatho womoya.
Kwi-arhente iyonke, i-NASA inoluhlu lweesathelayithi ezijonga uMhlaba kunye nezinye iitekhnoloji zokubamba nokuxela idatha yomgangatho womoya. Ngo-2023, i-NASA yaqalisa umsebenzi we-Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), olinganisa umgangatho womoya kunye nongcoliseko lomoya eMntla Melika. Isixhobo se-NASA's Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for Earth Observations (LANCE) sibonelela ababikezeli bomgangatho womoya ngemilinganiselo eqokelelwe kwizixhobo ezininzi ze-NASA, kwiiyure ezintathu emva kokubona kwayo.
Ukuze sibe nendawo esemgangathweni womoya esempilweni, singajonga idatha yomgangatho womoya ngexesha langempela. Ezi zilandelayo zizinzwa ezinokulinganisa iiparameter ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho womoya
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-04-2024