I. Iimeko Eziphambili Zokusetyenziswa
Izinzwa zomgangatho wamanzi eBrazil zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi meko zilandelayo ziphambili:
1. Iinkqubo zoNcedo lwaManzi eziDolophini kunye noNyango lwaManzi amdaka
Uphononongo lweTyala: I-SABESP (iNkampani yoHlanzo oluSisiseko yeLizwe laseSão Paulo), eyona nkampani inkulu yamanzi eLatin America, isebenzisa kakhulu izixhobo zokuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi ezineeparameter ezininzi kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yayo yokubonelela ngamanzi, ukusuka kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi ukuya kwiindawo zokunyanga amanzi.
Imeko:
Ukubeka iliso kuMthombo waManzi: Ukubeka iliso ngexesha langempela kwiiparameter ezifana ne-pH, ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo (DO), ukudumba, ubuninzi be-algal (chlorophyll-a), kunye nezilumkiso ze-cyanobacteria ezinobuthi kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zamanzi (umz., iCantareira System) ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamanzi aluhlaza.
Ulawulo lweNkqubo yoNyango: Iinzwa ezikwizityalo zonyango zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo ukufunxwa kweekhemikhali (umz., ii-coagulants, ii-disinfectants) ngexesha leenkqubo ezifana nokufunxwa, ukutyibilika, ukuhluza, kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.
Ukubeka iliso kwiNethiwekhi yoSasazo: Iindawo zokubeka iliso zimiselwe kuyo yonke inethiwekhi enkulu yokusasaza amanzi ezidolophini ukulandelela i-chlorine eseleyo, ukungcoliseka kwamanzi, kunye nezinye izalathisi ngexesha langempela. Oku kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamanzi empompini ngexesha lokuthuthwa kwaye kuvumela ukuchongwa ngokukhawuleza kweziganeko zongcoliseko.
2. Ukubeka iliso ekukhutshweni kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso
Isifundo seTyala: I-Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) kunye neearhente zendalo zikarhulumente.
Imeko:
UkuJonga ukuThotyelwa kweMithetho: Amashishini anobungozi obukhulu bokungcoliswa komoya (umz., i-pulp nephepha, imigodi, iikhemikhali, ukucutshungulwa kokutya) kufuneka afake iinkqubo zokujonga ukungcola ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-intanethi kwiindawo zawo zokukhupha ukungcola. Iisensa zihlala zilinganisa iiparameter ezifana neChemical Oxygen Demand (COD), i-nitrogen iyonke, i-phosphorus iyonke, iimetali ezinzima (umz., i-mercury, i-lead, efuna iisensa ezithile), i-pH, kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi.
Indima: Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka kuhambelana nemigangatho ebekwe yiBhunga leSizwe leNdalo (i-CONAMA). Ukudluliselwa kwedatha ngexesha langempela kubalawuli kunceda ukuthintela ukukhutshwa okungekho mthethweni kwaye kubonelela ngobungqina obuthe ngqo kumapolisa.
3. Ukubeka esweni ungcoliseko lwezolimo olungenazo iindawo
Isifundo seTyala: Amaziko ophando lwezolimo nokusingqongileyo kumazwe amakhulu ezolimo afana neMato Grosso.
Imeko:
Ukubeka esweni iindawo zamanzi: Iinethiwekhi zesensor zisetyenziswa kwiindawo zomlambo ezinezolimo ezinkulu ukuze kujongwe utshintsho kwi-nitrates, ii-phosphates, i-turbidity, kunye neentsalela zezibulali-zinambuzane.
Indima: Uvavanya impembelelo yokusetyenziswa kwezichumisi kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane emanzini, ufunda iipatheni zongcoliseko olungengomthombo wento, kwaye ubonelela ngedatha yokwazisa iiNdlela zoLawulo oluBalaseleyo (ii-BMP) kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo.
4. Ukubeka esweni indalo yamanzi (imilambo, amachibi, iilwandle)
Izifundo zeTyala:
Uphando lweAmazon Basin: Amaqela ophando avela kwiNational Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) nakwiiyunivesithi asebenzisa izinzwa ezisebenzisa i-buoy okanye ezifakwe kwisitya ukujonga ubushushu bamanzi, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi (ukuqikelela uxinano olunyibilikayo), ukufuma, ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo, kunye nokujikeleza kweCO2 kuMlambo iAmazon kunye nemijelo yawo. Oku kubalulekile ekufundeni imijikelo ye-hydrology kunye ne-biogeochemical yehlathi elikhulu lemvula elishushu emhlabeni.
Ukubeka esweni i-Eutrophication yoLwandlekazi: Kumanzi aselunxwemeni ezixeko ezinkulu ezifana neRio de Janeiro neSão Paulo, izixhobo zokuvavanya amanzi zisetyenziselwa ukujonga i-eutrophication ebangelwa kukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka, zibonelela ngezilumkiso kwangethuba malunga neentyatyambo eziyingozi ze-algal (amaza abomvu) kunye nokukhusela amashishini ezokhenketho kunye nezolimo zasemanzini.
Imeko: Ii-buoys zokubeka esweni ezilungisiweyo, iinqanawa zokubeka esweni ezihambayo, kunye neesensa eziphathwayo ezifakwe kwiidrone.
5. Isilumkiso Kwangethuba seNtlekele yeMigodi kunye nokuJongwa kweNtlalo emva kweNtlekele (Kubaluleke Kakhulu)
Isifundo seTyala: Le yenye yezona meko zibalulekileyo, nangona zibuhlungu, zokusetyenziswa eBrazil. Emva kokusilela kwedama leengcango eMinas Gerais (umz., iSamarco ngo-2015 kunye neVale ngo-2019), izixhobo zokuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi zaba zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo.
Imeko:
Iinkqubo Zesilumkiso Kwangethuba: Iinethiwekhi zesensor zexesha langempela zifakelwa kwimilambo esezantsi kwamadama asebenzayo ukuze kujongwe ukunyuka okukhawulezileyo kokungcoliseka kwamanzi, okunokusebenza njengesilumkiso kwangethuba sokuphulwa komgaqo.
Uvavanyo loNgcoliseko kunye nokuLandelwa: Emva kwentlekele, iinethiwekhi ezininzi zeenzwa zifakwa kwiindawo ezichaphazelekileyo zemilambo (umz., iRio Doce, uMlambo iParaopeba) ukuze ziqhubeke nokujonga ukungcoliseka, ubuninzi besinyithi esinzima (umz., isinyithi, i-manganese), kunye ne-pH. Oku kuvavanya ukusasazeka, ubunzulu, kunye nempembelelo yexesha elide yongcoliseko kwindalo, kukhokela imizamo yokulungisa.
II. Iindima eziphambili kunye neenzuzo
Ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezingentla, indima yezinzwa zomgangatho wamanzi eBrazil ingashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo:
Ukukhusela Impilo Yoluntu: Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamanzi okusela kumashumi ezigidi zabemi basezidolophini ngokubeka esweni imithombo yamanzi ngexesha langempela kunye neenethiwekhi zokusasazwa kwamanzi, ukuthintela ukuqhambuka kwezifo ezibangelwa ngamanzi.
Ukukhuselwa Kwendalo Nokunyanzelisa Umthetho: Ibonelela “ngobungqina obuqinileyo” kubalawuli bendalo, ivumela ukuba kubekho ukubekwa esweni okusebenzayo kwemithombo yongcoliseko lwemizi-mveliso neyasezidolophini, ikhusela indalo yemilambo, ichibi, kunye nemimandla yaselwandle, kwaye ivumela amanyathelo ajoliswe ekulweni nokukhutshwa kwezinto ngokungekho mthethweni.
Isilumkiso Kwangethuba seNtlekele kunye noNcedo oluNgxamisekileyo: Ibonelela ngezilumkiso ezibalulekileyo kwangethuba kumacandelo afana nezemigodi, ithenga ixesha elibalulekileyo lokufuduka kuluntu olusezantsi. Emva kwengozi, zivumela uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo longcoliseko ukuba lukhokele impendulo engxamisekileyo.
Ukuphucula Ukusebenza Kakuhle: Kunceda iinkonzo zamanzi ukuphucula iinkqubo zonyango, konga kwiikhemikhali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza.
Ukuxhasa uPhando lwezeNzululwazi: Ibonelela izazinzulu ngedatha yexesha elide, eqhubekayo, nesemgangathweni ophezulu wamanzi ukuze zifunde iindlela zeenkqubo zendalo ezizodwa (ezifana neAmazon), iimpembelelo zotshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nemiphumo yokusingqongileyo yemisebenzi yezolimo.
Ukucaca Kwedatha kunye Nokwazisa Uluntu: Olunye ulwazi lokubeka esweni (umz., umgangatho wamanzi olwandle) lubonakaliswa luluntu, nto leyo enceda abantu ukuba bagqibe ekubeni baqubhe okanye balobe iintlanzi, nto leyo eyonyusa ukucaca kolawulo lwemithombo yamanzi.
Isishwankathelo
Ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi, iBrazil ijongene nemingeni yayo yemithombo yamanzi: ungcoliseko olubangelwa kukwanda kwabantu ezidolophini ngokukhawuleza, umngcipheko weengozi zoshishino, impembelelo yokwanda kwezolimo, kunye noxanduva lokukhusela ilifa lendalo elikumgangatho wehlabathi. Ezi teknoloji zenza isiseko senkqubo yolawulo lokusingqongileyo kwamanzi enamaleko amaninzi, ebanzi—equka “isilumkiso sangethuba,” “ukubeka esweni,” “ukunyanzeliswa,” kunye “nophando.” Nangona imingeni isaqhubeka kububanzi bokusasazwa, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha, kunye nokuxhaswa ngemali, ukusetyenziswa kwazo okusebenzayo kubonakalise ixabiso elikhulu kunye nesidingo.
Singabonelela ngezisombululo ezahlukeneyo
1. Imitha ephathwayo yomgangatho wamanzi weparameter ezininzi
2. Inkqubo ye-Floating Buoy yomgangatho wamanzi we-multi-parameter
3. Ibrashi yokucoca ngokuzenzekelayo yesixhobo sokuvavanya amanzi esineeparameter ezininzi
4. Iseti epheleleyo yeeseva kunye nemodyuli engenazingcingo yesoftware, ixhasa i-RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
Ukuze ufumane ezinye izixhobo zokuvavanya amanzi ulwazi,
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Ixesha leposi: Sep-01-2025