I. Iimeko zeSicelo ezingundoqo
Izinzwa zomgangatho wamanzi eBrazil zibekwe ikakhulu kwezi meko zilandelayo:
1. Ubonelelo lwaManzi eziDolophini kunye neNkqubo yokuCocwa kwamanzi amdaka
I-Case Study: I-SABESP (iNkampani ye-Basic Sanitation ye-São Paulo), eyona ndawo inkulu yamanzi e-Latin America, isebenzisa ngokubanzi i-multi-parameter ye-sensors zomgangatho wamanzi kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yayo yokubonelela, ukusuka kumadama ukuya kwiindawo zokunyanga amanzi.
Iimeko:
Umthombo waManzi wokuJonga: Ukujongwa okwexesha lokwenyani kwiiparamitha ezifana ne-pH, ioksijini enyibilikileyo (DO), i-turbidity, ukuxinana kwe-algal (chlorophyll-a), kunye nezilumkiso ezinetyhefu zecyanobacteria kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zamadama (umz., iCantareira System) ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamanzi akrwada.
Ulawulo lweNkqubo yoNyango: Izivamvo ngaphakathi kwezityalo zonyango zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo idosi yeekhemikhali (umz., i-coagulants, izibulala-ntsholongwane) ngexesha leenkqubo ezifana ne-coagulation, intlenga, ukuhluzwa, kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.
Ukujongwa koThungelwano loSasazo: Iindawo zokubeka iliso zisekwe kuthungelwano olukhulu lokusasazwa kwamanzi ezidolophini ukuze kulandelelwe intsalela yeklorine, i-turbidity, kunye nezinye izalathisi ngexesha lokwenyani. Oku kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamanzi ompompo ngexesha lokuthutha kwaye kuvumela ukuchongwa ngokukhawuleza kweziganeko zokungcola.
2. UkuJonga ukuLahlwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso
I-Case Study: Iziko laseBrazil lezeNdalo kunye neMithombo yeNdalo eHlaziywayo (IBAMA) kunye neearhente zikarhulumente zokusingqongileyo.
Iimeko:
Ukubeka iliso kuThotyelo: Amashishini anobungozi obuphezulu bongcoliseko (umz., ipulp nephepha, imigodi, imichiza, ukusetyenzwa kokutya) kufuneka afakele iinkqubo zokuhlola ukungcola okuzenzekelayo kwi-intanethi kwiindawo zawo zokukhutshelwa. Izivamvo ziqhubeka nokulinganisa iiparameters ezifana neChemical Oxygen Demand (COD), i-nitrogen iyonke, i-phosphorus iyonke, iintsimbi ezinzima (umz., imekyuri, ilothe, ifuna izinzwa ezithile), i-pH, kunye nesantya sokuhamba.
Indima: Iqinisekisa ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka kuthobela imigangatho ebekwe liBhunga leSizwe lokusiNgqongileyo (CONAMA). Ukuhanjiswa kwedatha yexesha langempela kubalawuli kunceda ukuthintela ukukhutshwa okungekho mthethweni kunye nokubonelela ngobungqina obuthe ngqo bokuthotyelwa komthetho.
3. UkuHlolwa koNgcoliseko lwezoLimo
I-Case Study: Amaziko ophando lwezolimo kunye nokusingqongileyo kumazwe amakhulu afana neMato Grosso.
Iimeko:
Ukubeka iliso kwi-Watershed: Uthungelwano lwezivamvo lubekwe kwiidisins zemilambo ezinokulima okukhulu kakhulu ukujonga utshintsho kwi-nitrate, i-phosphates, i-turbidity, kunye neentsalela zezitshabalalisi.
Indima: Ivavanya impembelelo yesichumiso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kumanzi, iipatheni zezifundo zokungangcoliseki kwemithombo, kwaye ibonelele ngedatha ukwazisa ezona Ziqheliso zoLawulo ziLungileyo (BMPs) kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo.
4. Amanzi eNdalo (Imilambo, amaChibi, amaNxweme) UkuJonga i-Ecology
Imizekelo:
Uphando lwe-Amazon Basin: Amaqela ophando avela kwiZiko leSizwe loPhando lwe-Amazonian (INPA) kunye neeyunivesithi zisebenzisa i-buoy-based or vessel-mounted sensors ukujonga ubushushu bamanzi, i-conductivity (ukuqikelela i-concentration ye-solute), i-turbidity, i-oksijini enyibilikileyo, kunye ne-CO2 ephuma kuMlambo i-Amazon kunye ne-tributaries yayo. Oku kubalulekile ekufundeni ngemijikelo ye-hydrology kunye ne-biogeochemical yelona hlathi likhulu ehlabathini.
Ukujongwa kwe-Eutrophication yoNxweme: Kumanzi onxweme lwezixeko ezikhulu ezifana neRio de Janeiro kunye neSão Paulo, izivamvo zisetyenziselwa ukubeka esweni ukukhutshwa kwe-eutrophication okubangelwa kukukhutshelwa kwelindle, ukunika izilumkiso zakwangoko malunga neentyantyambo ze-algal eziyingozi (amaza abomvu) kunye nokukhusela ukhenketho kunye nemizi-mveliso yasemanzini.
Iimeko: Ii-buoy zokubeka iliso ezisisigxina, iinqanawa zokubeka iliso ezihambayo, kunye nezivamvo eziphathekayo ezifakwe kwiidrones.
5. Isilumkiso kwangethuba kwiNtlekele yezemigodi kunye noHlolo lwasemva kweNtlekele (Kubaluleke kakhulu)
Isifundo: Le yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo, nangona zibuhlungu, iimeko zesicelo eBrazil. Ukulandela ukusilela kwamadama eMinas Gerais (umzekelo, iSamarco ngo-2015 kunye neVale kwiintlekele zowama-2019), izinzwa zomgangatho wamanzi zaba zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo.
Iimeko:
IiNkqubo zokuLumkisa Kwangethuba: Uthungelwano lwesivamvo sexesha lokwenyani lufakwe kwimilambo emazantsi omlambo asebenzayo amadama eentsalela zezimbiwa ukuze kubekwe iliso kwi-spikes ngesiquphe kwi-turbidity, enokusebenza njengesalathisi sesilumkiso sakwangoko sokwaphulwa.
UVavanyo loNgcoliseko kunye nokuLanda: Emva kwentlekele, uthungelwano olubanzi lwezinzwa lusasazwe kwiindawo zemilambo ezichaphazelekayo (umzekelo, iRio Doce, iParaopeba River) ukuze kuqwalaselwe ngokuqhubekayo i-turbidity, i-heavy metal concentrations (umz., intsimbi, i-manganese), kunye ne-pH. Oku kuvavanya ukusasazeka, ukuqina, kunye nefuthe lexesha elide leecological longcoliseko, iinzame zokulungisa.
II. Iindima eziphambili kunye neeNzuzo
Ngokusekwe kwezi meko zingasentla, indima yezinzwa zomgangatho wamanzi eBrazil inokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo:
Ukukhusela iMpilo yoLuntu: Iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamanzi okusela kumashumi ezigidi zabahlali basezidolophini ngokubeka iliso ngexesha lokwenyani lemithombo yamanzi kunye nothungelwano lokuhambisa, ukuthintela ukuqhambuka kwezifo eziphuma emanzini.
Ukukhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo kunye nokuNyanzeliswa koMthetho: Ibonelela "ngobungqina obunzima" kubalawuli bendalo, okwenza kube lula ukubeka iliso kwimizi-mveliso kunye nemithombo yongcoliseko yasezidolophini, ukukhusela imilambo, ichibi kunye nendalo yaselwandle, kunye nokuvumela isenzo ekujoliswe kuso ngokuchasene nokukhutshwa okungekho mthethweni.
Isilumkiso kwangethuba kwiNtlekele kunye neNgxaki yokusabela: Ibonelela ngezilumkiso zakwangoko ezibalulekileyo kumacandelo afana nemigodi, ukuthenga ixesha elibalulekileyo lokufuduka koluntu olusezantsi. Emva kwengozi, bavumela uvavanyo olukhawulezayo lokungcoliseka ukukhokela impendulo kaxakeka.
Ukuphucula ukuSebenza ngokuSebenzayo: Inceda izixhobo zamanzi ukuba ziphucule iinkqubo zonyango, ukonga kwiikhemikhali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa iindleko zokusebenza.
Ukuxhasa uPhando lwezeNzululwazi: Ibonelela izazinzulu ngedatha yexesha elide, eqhubekayo, ephezulu-frequency ephezulu yomgangatho wamanzi ukufunda iindlela zendalo eyodwa (njengeAmazon), iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye neziphumo zokusingqongileyo kwimisebenzi yezolimo.
UkuSebenza ekuhleni kweeNkcukacha kunye noKwazisa koLuntu: Ezinye iinkcukacha zokubeka iliso (umzekelo, umgangatho wamanzi aselwandle) zenziwe zisesidlangalaleni, zinceda abantu ukuba bathathe isigqibo sokuba baqubhe okanye balobe, oko kwandisa ukungafihli kulawulo lobutyebi bamanzi.
Isishwankathelo
Ngokusetyenziswa kwezivamvo zomgangatho wamanzi, iBrazil ijongana nemingeni yobutyebi bamanzi ngenkuthalo: ungcoliseko olusuka kwiindawo ezikhawulezayo zokuhlala ezidolophini, umngcipheko weengozi zemizi-mveliso, impembelelo yokwandiswa kwezolimo, kunye noxanduva lokukhusela ilifa lendalo elikumgangatho wehlabathi. Ezi teknoloji zenza undoqo wenkqubo yolawulo lokusingqongileyo enamaleko amaninzi, ebanzi—ethatha “isilumkiso kwangethuba,” “ukubeka iliso,” “unyanzeliso,” kunye “nophando.” Nangona imingeni ihleli kububanzi bokusasazwa, ukudityaniswa kwedatha, kunye nenkxaso-mali, ukusetyenziswa kwabo okubonakalayo kubonise ixabiso elikhulu kunye nemfuneko.
Singakwazi nokubonelela ngezisombululo ezahlukeneyo
1. Imitha ephathwayo yomgangatho wamanzi we-multi-parameter
2. Inkqubo yeBuoy edadayo yomgangatho wamanzi aneparamitha ezininzi
3. Ibrashi yokucoca ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-multi-parameter sensor yamanzi
4. Iseti epheleleyo yeeseva kunye nemodyuli yesoftware engenazingcingo, ixhasa iRS485 GPRS / 4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
Ukufumana ezinye iinzwa zamanzi ulwazi,
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Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-01-2025