Intshayelelo: Indima Ebalulekileyo Yedatha Echanekileyo Yemvula
Idatha echanekileyo yemvula yeyona nto iphambili kulawulo lwendalo lwanamhlanje kunye nokhuseleko loluntu. Olu lwazi lusisiseko sezicelo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, ukusuka ekukhupheni izilumkiso ngexesha elifanelekileyo malunga neentlekele zezikhukula kunye nokuhlela ukunkcenkceshela kwezolimo ukuya ekucwangciseni nasekusebenziseni iinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi ezidolophini. Phakathi kwezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuqokelela olu lwazi, iTipping Bucket Rain Gauge (TBRG) ivelele njengenye yezona zixhobo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinethiwekhi zokujonga imozulu kwihlabathi liphela.
Ukuthandwa kwayo kuvela kumgaqo othe ngqo wokusebenza, ukulula kokuvelisa imveliso yedijithali, kunye nokusebenza kwayo okuzinzileyo, ngakumbi ngexesha leziganeko zemvula enamandla kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, uyilo lwendabuko lunemingeni yokuchaneka enokuthi yonakalise umgangatho wedatha. Eli nqaku liphonononga isayensi ye-TBRG yanamhlanje eyoyisa le mingeni, isebenzisa ii-algorithms eziphambili kunye neempawu zoyilo ezisebenzayo ukubonelela ngenqanaba elitsha lokuchaneka okusekelwe kwimigangatho yeshishini eqinisekisiweyo.
1. Ukuqonda i-Tipping Bucket: Indlela yakudala
Umgaqo osisiseko wokusebenza kwe-Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge ngumzekelo omhle wokuguqula inkqubo ebonakalayo eqhubekayo ibe ziziganeko ezihlukeneyo nezibalekayo. Inkqubo yenzeka ngokulandelelana okucacileyo:
1.Ingqokelela:Amanzi emvula abanjwa ngumngxuma oqhelekileyo wokubamba, ubukhulu obubalulekileyo obuhlala bulinganiswa kwi-300mm ukuqinisekisa ukuthelekiswa kwedatha. Emva koko amanzi aqondiswa ngesikrini sesihluzo, esisusa amagqabi kunye nenkunkuma, aze aye kwi-funnel.
2.Umlinganiselo:Ukusuka kwi-funnel, amanzi angena kwenye yeekhabhathi ezimbini ezilinganayo nezilinganayo. Eli candelo liphambili lisakhiwo "esiguquguqukayo ngomatshini", esenzelwe ukujikeleza kwi-axis ene-friction ephantsi.
3."Ingcebiso":Xa umthamo wamanzi ochazwe kwangaphambili uqokelelana kwigumbi—umthamo, ngokwemigangatho eqhelekileyo yeshishini, ohambelana nobunzulu bemvula obuyi-0.1mm—i-torque yomxhuzulane ephumayo ibangela ukuba yonke indlela yebhakethi ilahlekelwe yibhalansi kwaye iwele.
4.Ukuveliswa kweSignali:Njengoko ibhakethi iphela, imagnethi encinci idlula kwiswitshi yereed, nto leyo ebangela ukuba izihlanganisi zayo zangaphakathi zivaleke kwaye zivelise i-pulse enye yombane. Esi senzo sikhupha yonke indawo kwigumbi ngelixa ngaxeshanye sibeka igumbi elingenanto phantsi kwe-funnel ukuze kuqalwe umjikelo olandelayo wokuqokelela. Kwimiyilo ephucukileyo, imagnethi yahlulwe kwibhakethi iye "kwindlela yokubala yokujika," uphawu olukrelekrele oluthintela amandla emagnethi ukuba angaphazamisani ne-torque yokujika kwebhakethi.
Kwinkqubo yendabuko, i-pulse nganye yombane imele inani elimiselweyo lemvula. Ngoko ke imvula iyonke ibalwa ngokubala nje inani le-pulse kwixesha elithile.
2. Umngeni Wokuchaneka: Ukufumanisa Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo
Nangona lo mgaqo ulula, izinto ezininzi ezibonakalayo zizisa iimpazamo zokulinganisa phantsi kweemeko zokwenyani, nto leyo ethintela iigeyiji zemveli ekufezekiseni ukuchaneka okuphezulu okufunekayo kwizicelo zanamhlanje.
Ingxaki 'Yokulahleka Okunamandla'
Eyona nto iphambili ebangela impazamo yokulinganisa, ingakumbi ngexesha lemvula enamandla kakhulu, yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi "dynamic loss." Oku kubhekisa kumanzi emvula alahlekayo ngexesha elifutshane - ngesiqhelo iqhekeza lomzuzwana - indlela yebhakethi iyasebenza, ijika ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye. Ngexesha lotshintsho, amanzi angenayo avela kwi-funnel awabanjwa naliphi na igumbi kwaye alahleka ngenxa yokulinganisa. Olu lahleko luhambelana ngqo nobunzima bemvula; okukhona imvula inzima, kokukhona iincam zebhakethi zikhawuleza, kwaye amanzi amaninzi alahleka phakathi kweencam. Esi siphumo sinokukhokelela kumlinganiselo ophantsi nge-5% ukuya kwi-10% kunemvula yokwenyani ngexesha lesiphango esikhulu.
Eminye Imithombo Yeempazamo Eziphambili
Ngaphandle kokulahleka okuguquguqukayo, ezinye izinto ezininzi zinegalelo ekungaqinisekini kokulinganisa:
•Ukunamathela kunye nokuphuma komoya:Xa imvula incinci okanye ekuqaleni komcimbi, amanzi anamathela kumphezulu we-funnel kunye neebhakethi. Kwiimeko ezomileyo okanye ezishushu, olu mswakama lunokufuma ngaphambi kokuba lulinganiswe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungaxelweni kakuhle kwenani lemvula engaphantsi.
•Impazamo yokutshiza:Amathontsi emvula akhawulezayo anokubetha umphetho wesixhobo sokuqokelela amanzi aze aphume, ngelixa amanye anokubetha ngaphakathi kwe-funnel aze aphinde atshize angene kwelinye ibhakethi, nto leyo ebangela iimpazamo ezimbi nezilungileyo.
•Ibhalansi yoMatshini kunye nokuSusa iSignali:Ukuba isixhobo asilingani kakuhle, i-torque yokujika kwebhakethi nganye ayizukulingana, nto leyo ebangela impazamo ecwangcisiweyo. Ngaphezu koko, unxibelelwano loomatshini lweswitshi yereed lunoku "gxuma," ludale imiqondiso emininzi engeyonyani evela kwincam enye. I-electronic debouncing logic engasebenziyo inokuphosa amachaphaza asemthethweni xa kunetha kakhulu okanye ibale amachaphaza aphindwe kaninzi.
Ukuchaza Ukuchaneka: Iimpawu Zoshishino
Ukuze ithathwe njengesixhobo esithembekileyo, i-rain gauge kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho yokusebenza engqongqo. Imigangatho yoshishino, efana ne-HJ/T 175—2005 eTshayina, inika isakhelo sobungakanani "sokuchaneka okuphezulu." Impazamo ye-5% ukuya kwi-10% evela ekulahlekeni okuguquguqukayo kukuphambuka okukhulu xa le migangatho ifuna ukuchaneka okukhulu. Iimpawu eziphambili ziquka:
| Ipharamitha | Imfuneko yoBugcisa |
| Ukuqala Ukujonga Ukuna Kwemvula | ≤ 0.5 mm |
| Impazamo yokulinganisa (kwimvula iyonke ≤ 10 mm) | ± 0.4 mm |
| Impazamo yokulinganisa (kwimvula iyonke engaphezulu kwe-10 mm) | ± 4% |
| Isisombululo esincinci | 0.1 mm |
Ukuhlangabezana nale migangatho, ingakumbi ukunyamezelana kwe-±4% ngexesha lemvula enkulu, akunakwenzeka kwi-TBRG yendabuko ngaphandle kwendlela yokulungisa ekrelekrele.
3. Isisombululo esikrelekrele: Ukufezekisa ukuchaneka ngee-Algorithms eziPhambili
Isisombululo sanamhlanje kwingxaki yokuchaneka asifumaneki kuhlengahlengiso oluntsonkothileyo lwemishini, kodwa kwisoftware ekrelekrele esebenza noyilo oluqinileyo olukhoyo. Le ndlela ilungisa iimpazamo ezikhoyo ngokongeza umaleko wobukrelekrele bedijithali kwinkqubo yemishini eqinisekisiweyo.
Ukusuka 'kubala' ukuya 'kwiimpawu': Amandla obude bebhakethi
Eyona nto intsha iphambili ikwindlela esisebenza ngayo isixhobo ngasinye. Endaweni yokubala nje iipulses, iwotshi yangaphakathi yenkqubo ephindaphindayo ilinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ixesha eliphakathi kwencam nganye elandelelanayo. Eli xesha libizwa ngokuba "bubude bebhakethi".
Olu linganiselo lubonelela ngenguqu entsha enamandla. Kukho ubudlelwane obuchaseneyo phakathi kobude bebhakethi kunye nobukhulu bemvula: ubude obufutshane bubonisa imvula enzima, ngelixa ubude obude bubonisa imvula encinci. I-microprocessor esebhodini isebenzisa obu bude bebhakethi njengegalelo eliphambili kwimodeli yokubuyisela amandla e-non-linear, echaza ubudlelwane phakathi kobungakanani bemvula yokwenyani ngencam nganye kunye nobude bencam. Olu lwalamano, olumelwe ngumsebenzi wokulungisa
J = 0, ivumela isixhobo ukuba sibale ngokuguquguqukayo ubungakanani bemvula echanekileyoicebiso ngalinyeKwimiqolo enexesha elifutshane (ubukhulu obuphezulu), i-algorithm ibala ixabiso lemvula elikhulu kancinci, idibanisa ngempumelelo amanzi ebeya kulahleka ngenxa yesiphumo sokulahleka okuguquguqukayo.Le ndlela esekelwe kwisoftware imele umgaqo "wokulungiswa kwe-cyclic, okusondela kancinci kancinci kwimeko efanelekileyo." Ivumela ukulinganiswa kwesixhobo ukuba kulungiswe kwaye kuhlaziywe kwintsimi ngokulungelelanisa iiparameter zesoftware endaweni yokwenza uhlengahlengiso oludinisayo loomatshini kwiintsimbi okanye izikrufu. Oku kukufumana inzuzo enkulu yokusebenza, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukugcinwa kwexesha elide kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka okuqhubekayo.
4. Yenzelwe iCandelo: Iimpawu eziSebenzayo kunye neZicelo
Ngaphaya kwetekhnoloji yangaphakathi, i-rain gauge yanamhlanje yenzelwe iimpawu ezisebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezifuna amandla.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthembeka Kwexesha Elide: Inzuzo Yokulwa Nokwakha Iindlwane
Umfanekiso 1: I-rain collector funnel ixhotyiswe ngee-spikes ezithintela ukwakheka kwezindlu, uphawu olubalulekileyo lokuthintela ukuvaleka nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha ixesha elide kwintsimi.
Uphawu olubalaseleyo lomqokeleli luluhlu lwee-spikes ezibukhali ezibekwe ngeenxa zonke kumphetho walo. Olu luthintelo olulula nolusebenzayo oluthintela iintaka ekufikeni nasekukheni izidleke ngaphakathi kwe-funnel ye-gauge. Indlwane yentaka yimbangela ephambili yokusilela kwentsimi, njengoko inokuwuvala ngokupheleleyo umsele kwaye ikhokelele ekulahlekelweni kwedatha iyonke. Olu phawu lokulwa nokwakha izidleke luthintela ukuvaleka okunjalo, luphucula ngokuthe ngqo ukufumaneka kwedatha, luqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha, kwaye lunciphisa iindleko zokutyelela indawo ukuze kulungiswe.
Apho Ukuchaneka Kubalulekile: Iimeko eziphambili zokusetyenziswa
Idatha echanekileyo kakhulu enikezelwa zezi gauges ziphambili ibalulekile kwiinkalo ezininzi:
•Imozulu kunye neHydrology:Ibonelela ngedatha echanekileyo yokujonga umjikelo wamanzi, ukuqikelela imozulu, kunye nophando lwesayensi malunga neepateni zemozulu.
•Isilumkiso kunye noThintelo lweZikhukula:Ibonelela ngedatha ethembekileyo, echanekileyo nefanelekileyo ngexesha langempela, ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zesilumkiso kwangethuba, inceda ekukhuseleni ubomi kunye nepropathi.
•Ulawulo lwezoLimo:Ivumela ukucwangciswa ngokuchanekileyo kweshedyuli yokunkcenkceshela ngokusekelwe kwimvula yokwenyani efunyenweyo, nto leyo enceda ukonga imithombo yamanzi kunye nokwandisa isivuno sesivuno.
•Ulawulo lwaManzi asezidolophini:Ixhasa uyilo olusebenzayo kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo ngexesha langempela lwenethiwekhi zokuhambisa amanzi edolophini kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwamanzi emvula ukuthintela izikhukula zasezidolophini.
Umxholo Wokuthelekisa: Isisombululo Esilinganayo
I-TBRG yanamhlanje, elungisiweyo yi-algorithm ithatha indawo ekhethekileyo nexabisekileyo phakathi kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa imvula. Nangona ezinye izixhobo zikhona, nganye iza neenzuzo ezibalulekileyo:
•Iigeyiji zokulinganisa:Zibonelela ngokuchanekileyo okuphezulu kwaye zinokulinganisa imvula eqinileyo njengekhephu. Nangona kunjalo, ziyinkimbinkimbi ngoomatshini, zinovelwano kakhulu kwiintshukumo ezibangelwa ngumoya, kwaye zinexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zingasebenzi ekusetyenzisweni kwenethiwekhi ebanzi.
•IiSiphon Gauges:Banike ingxelo eqhubekayo yemvula kodwa bathambekele ekuphazamisekeni koomatshini, bafuna ukulungiswa rhoqo, kwaye "banendawo engabonakaliyo" ngexesha lenkqubo yokufunxa ngokukhawuleza.
•Iigeyiji zokujonga:Azinazo iindawo ezishukumayo kwaye zibonelela ngamaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ukuchaneka kwazo kuxhomekeke kwiimodeli zezibalo zokuguqula ukusasazeka kokukhanya kube ngamazinga emvula kwaye zinokuphazamiseka ngenxa yongcoliseko lwenkungu okanye ilensi.
I-TBRG ekrelekrele ivala ngempumelelo umsantsa wokuchaneka ngeegeyiji zokulinganisa ezibizayo, ingakumbi ukuna kolwelo, ngelixa igcina ukuqina okungokwemvelo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko okwenze uyilo lokuqala lwafumaneka kuyo yonke indawo.
5. Isiphelo: Eyona ilungileyo kuzo zombini iiHlabathi
I-rain gauge yanamhlanje echanekileyo kakhulu idibanisa ngempumelelo ukuqina okuqinisekisiweyo kunye nobulula boyilo lwendabuko loomatshini kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu kwenkqubo yokulungisa ekrelekrele, eqhutywa yisoftware. Ngokuchaza incam nganye ngokusekelwe kubude bayo endaweni yokuyibala nje, iyoyisa ilahleko eguquguqukayo echaphazela iimodeli ezindala, ivumela ukuba ihlangabezane nemigangatho yokuchaneka kweshishini kuyo yonke imimandla yemvula.
Ifumana ibhalansi efanelekileyo phakathi kokuchaneka nokusebenza. Nangona iigeyiji zokulinganisa zinokubonelela ngokuchaneka okuphezulu kwindawo elawulwayo, i-TBRG elungisiweyo yi-algorithm inika ukusebenza okufana kakhulu nokuqina okukhulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko kwiinethiwekhi ezinkulu. Idityaniswe neempawu ezisebenzayo ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwentsimi ixesha elide, imi njengesisombululo esomeleleyo, esichanekileyo, nesingenakulungiswa kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na ingcali efuna idatha yemvula ethembekileyo nesemgangathweni ophezulu.
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