Kwixesha lobuchwepheshe obuphambili besathelayithi kunye noqikelelo lweradar, inethiwekhi ebanzi yezikhululo zokulinganisa imvula ezisasazwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini nasemaphandleni kwihlabathi liphela isalokhu ingumthombo osisiseko nothembekileyo wedatha yokulinganisa imvula. Ezi gauge zibonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni izikhukula kunye nolawulo lwemithombo yamanzi.
1. Ukujongana nemingeni yemozulu: Imfuno yeHlabathi yokuJonga iMvula
Ihlabathi lijongene neziganeko zemozulu ezingaqhelekanga nezixhaphakileyo. Ukususela kwiziphepho zemvula eMzantsi-mpuma Asia ukuya kwimbalela eHorn of Africa, ukusuka kwiinkanyamba eCaribbean ukuya ekugalelekeni kwamanzi ezidolophini ngequbuliso, ukubekwa kweliso ngokuchanekileyo kwemvula kuye kwaba yimfuneko yokuthintela iintlekele kunye nokhuseleko lwamanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Kwixesha lophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwesathelayithi yemozulu kunye netekhnoloji yeradar yemozulu, iigeyiji zemvula ziyaqhubeka nokudlala indima engenakutshintshwa kuthungelwano lokujonga imozulu kunye ne-hydrological lwehlabathi ngenxa yobulula bazo, ukuthembeka, iindleko eziphantsi, kunye nokuchaneka kwedatha. Zihlala zisisiseko sokujonga imvula, ngakumbi kumazwe asaphuhlayo aneziseko ezibuthathaka.
2. IiSentinels Ezithuleyo: IiPatheni zeMozulu zeZitishi zeHlabathi
Kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi enokuthwaxwa ziintlekele ezixhaphakileyo zezikhukula, iigeyiji zemvula zenza umgca wokuqala wokukhusela iinkqubo zokulumkisa kwangethuba. Kuyo yonke iGangetic Plain yaseIndiya, eBangladesh, eIndonesia, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi akuMbindi naseMzantsi Melika, ezi zixhobo zilula zibonelela ngesiseko esithe ngqo sokulumkisa ngezikhukula ezikhawulezileyo, ukudilika kodaka, kunye nezikhukula zemilambo.
Ezi ndawo zinabantu abaninzi zisengozini enkulu yemvula enkulu enokubangela ukulahlekelwa kakhulu bubomi kunye nepropathi. Ngokusebenzisa uthungelwano lokulinganisa imvula, amasebe emozulu anokukhupha izilumkiso ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezinokuthi zichaphazeleke xa imvula eqokelelweyo ifikelela kwimida eyingozi, nto leyo ethenga ixesha elixabisekileyo lokufuduka kunye nokusabela kwintlekele.
Kwimimandla enengxaki yamanzi efana ne-Afrika esemazantsi eSahara, i-outback yase-Australia, okanye i-Middle East, yonke i-millimeter yemvula ibalulekile. Idatha eqokelelwe kwiigeyiji zemvula inceda amasebe e-hydrological ukubala ngokuchanekileyo indlela imvula egcwalisa ngayo imilambo, amachibi kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba.
Olu lwazi lusisiseko sesayensi sokwabiwa kwamanzi okunkcenkceshela ezolimo, ukulawula unikezelo lwamanzi okusela, kunye nokuyila amaqhinga okuphendula imbalela. Ngaphandle kolu lwazi lusisiseko, nasiphi na isigqibo solawulo lwemithombo yamanzi singafana “nokuzama ukupheka ngaphandle kwerayisi.”
Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo apho ezolimo zingumqolo woqoqosho lwesizwe kwaye zibalulekile kukhuseleko lokuziphilisa, idatha yemvula isebenza njenge "khampasi" yemveliso yezolimo phakathi kwezinto ezixhomekeke emvuleni.
Ukususela kumasimi ekofu eKenya ukuya kumasimi engqolowa eIndiya okanye kumasimi erayisi eVietnam, izixhobo zokulinganisa imvula zinceda abalimi kunye namasebe ezolimo baqonde iipatheni zemvula, balungise amaqhinga okutyala, bavavanye iimfuno zamanzi ezityalo, kwaye banike ubungqina obuchanekileyo bamabango e-inshorensi kunye noncedo lukarhulumente emva kweentlekele.
3. Indlela Yokusebenza YaseTshayina: Ukwakha Inethiwekhi Yokubeka Iliso Ngokuchanekileyo
Njengelinye lamazwe achaphazeleke kakhulu ziintlekele zezikhukula kwihlabathi liphela, iTshayina iseke uthungelwano olukhulu nolubanzi lokujonga imozulu emhlabeni, kuquka amashumi amawaka eegeyiji zemvula ezilawulwa ngabantu nezizenzekelayo.
Ezi zixhobo, ezibekwe ukusuka eluphahleni lwedolophu ukuya kwiindawo ezikude zeentaba, zenza inkqubo edibeneyo yokujonga nokuvavanya "ihlabathi lesibhakabhaka". ETshayina, idatha yokujonga imvula ayipheleli nje ekulungiseleleni uqikelelo lwemozulu kunye nezilumkiso zezikhukula kodwa ikwadityaniswe nzulu nolawulo lwedolophu.
Impendulo engxamisekileyo kwimibhobho yamanzi kunye nokugcwala kwamanzi kwizixeko ezikhulu ezifana neBeijing, iShanghai, kunye neShenzhen ixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwiinethiwekhi zokujonga imvula eninzi. Xa imvula yexesha elifutshane kuyo nayiphi na indawo idlula imida ebekiweyo, amasebe kamasipala anokusebenzisa ngokukhawuleza iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zengxamiseko aze asebenzise izixhobo zokujongana nezikhukula ezinokubakho ezidolophini.
4. Uphuhliso lweTekhnoloji: Izixhobo zeMveli zifumana ubomi obutsha
Nangona umgaqo osisiseko weegeyiji zemvula ungatshintshanga kakhulu kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, indlela ezisebenza ngayo ubuchwepheshe itshintshe kakhulu. Iigeyiji zemvula zemveli ezisetyenziswa ngesandla ezisetyenziswa ngabantu ziyathatyathelwa indawo kancinci kancinci zizitishi zemvula ezikude ezizenzekelayo.
Ezi zikhululo zenzekelayo zisebenzisa izinzwa ukubona imvula ngexesha langempela kunye nokuthumela idatha ngaphandle kwentambo kwiindawo zedatha ngetekhnoloji ye-IoT, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukuthembeka kwedatha ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ngokuchasene notshintsho lwemozulu lwehlabathi, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luqinisa intsebenziswano ekujongeni imvula.
I-World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) ikhuthaza ngokukhutheleyo ukusekwa kweNkqubo yokuJonga eDibeneyo yeHlabathi, iququzelela ukwabelana ngedatha nolwazi lwemozulu kwihlabathi liphela ngelixa inceda amazwe asakhulayo anezakhono zokubeka esweni ezibuthathaka ukuphucula iinkqubo zawo zokujongana nemingeni yemozulu yehlabathi kunye.
Ukususela kwiindawo ezithandwa zizikhukula zaseBangladesh ukuya kwiindawo zasemapulazini ezithwaxwe yimbalela eKenya, ukusuka kwizixeko ezinkulu zaseTshayina ukuya kwiziqithi ezincinci zasePasifiki, ezi zilinganisi zemvula ezibonakala zilula zimi njengabalindi abathembekileyo, abasebenza iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, iintsuku ezisixhenxe ngeveki ukuqokelela yonke imilimitha yemvula kwaye bayiguqule ibe yidatha ebalulekileyo.
Iigeyiji zemvula ziya kuhlala ziyindlela esisiseko, ethembekileyo, neyongayo yokulinganisa imvula kwihlabathi liphela kwixesha elizayo, ziqhubeka nokubonelela ngenkxaso esisiseko engenakutshintshwa yokunciphisa iingozi zeentlekele, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamanzi, kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kwihlabathi liphela.
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