Izinzwa zegesi ezingaqhumiyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kukhuseleko lwemizi-mveliso kulo lonke elaseKazakhstan. Oku kulandelayo luhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwezicelo zazo zokwenyani, imingeni, kunye nezisombululo kweli lizwe.
Imeko Yemizi-mveliso Neemfuno eKazakhstan
IKazakhstan ngumdlali ophambili kwimizi-mveliso yeoyile, igesi, imigodi, kunye neekhemikhali. Iindawo zokusebenza kwezi candelo zihlala zibeka umngcipheko kwiigesi ezitshayo (i-methane, ii-VOC), iigesi ezinobuthi (iHydrogen Sulfide H₂S, iCarbon Monoxide CO), kunye nokungabikho kweoksijini. Ke ngoko, izinzwa zegesi ezingaqhumiyo zizixhobo eziyimfuneko zokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, ukuthintela iingozi eziyingozi, kunye nokugcina imveliso eqhubekayo.
Ukubaluleka Kwesiqinisekiso Esingaqhumiyo: EKazakhstan, izixhobo ezinjalo kufuneka zithobele imithetho yobugcisa yasekuhlaleni kunye neziqinisekiso ezamkelweyo zamazwe ngamazwe ezingaqhumiyo, ezifana nemigangatho ye-ATEX (EU) kunye ne-IECEx (International), ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwazo kwiindawo ezinobungozi.
Amatyala okwenyani okusetyenziswa
Ityala 1: Ukumbiwa kweoyile negesi phezulu – Iirigi zokubhola kunye neeNcam zemithombo
- Indawo: Iindawo ezinkulu zeoyile negesi ezifana neTengiz, Kashagan, kunye neKarachaganak.
- Imeko yokusetyenziswa: Ukubeka esweni iigesi ezivuthayo kunye neHydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) kumaqonga okugrumba, iindibano zeengcango zemithombo, izahluli, kunye neendawo zokuqokelela.
- Imingeni:
- Imeko-bume Embi: Ingqele ebandayo yasebusika (ngaphantsi kwe-30°C), uthuli lwasehlotyeni/izivuthuvuthu zesanti, ezifuna ukuba izixhobo zikwazi ukumelana nemozulu ephezulu.
- Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-H₂S: Ioyile ekrwada kunye negesi yendalo kwiindawo ezininzi ziqulathe uxinano oluphezulu lwe-H₂S enetyhefu kakhulu, apho nokuvuza okuncinci kunokuba yingozi.
- Ukubeka iliso rhoqo: Inkqubo yemveliso iyaqhubeka; naluphi na ukuphazamiseka kubangela ilahleko enkulu kwezoqoqosho, nto leyo efuna ukuba izinzwa zisebenze ngokuthembekileyo nangokuzinzileyo.
- Izisombululo:
- Ukufakwa kweenkqubo zokufumanisa igesi ezikhuselekileyo okanye ezikhuselekileyo kwi-Intrinsically Safe okanye Flameproof.
- Iisensors zisebenzisa umgaqo weCatalytic Bead (LEL) kwizinto ezivuthayo kunye neeseli zeElectrochemical xa zifuna ukungabikho kwe-H₂S kunye ne-O₂.
- Ezi sensors zibekwe ngobuchule kwiindawo ezinokuvuza (umz., kufutshane neevalvu, iiflange, iicompressor).
- Isiphumo:
- Xa ubuninzi begesi bufikelela kwinqanaba le-alamu elisezantsi elicwangcisiweyo, ii-alamu ezivakalayo nezibonakalayo zivuthelwa ngoko nangoko kwigumbi lolawulo.
- Xa ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-alamu, inkqubo inokuqalisa ngokuzenzekelayo iinkqubo zokuvala ezingxamisekileyo (ESD), ezinje ngokuvala iivalvu, ukwenza umoya usebenze, okanye ukuvala iinkqubo, ukuthintela imililo, ukuqhuma, okanye ityhefu.
- Abasebenzi bakwaxhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokubona igesi eziphathwayo ezingaqhumiyo ukuze bangene kwindawo evalekileyo kunye nokuhlolwa rhoqo.
Ityala lesi-2: Iipayipi zokuhambisa igesi yendalo kunye nezikhululo zeCompressor
- Indawo: Izitishi zeCompressor kunye nezitishi zeevalvu ezikwiinethiwekhi zemibhobho ye-trans-Kazakhstan (umz., umbhobho we-Central Asia-Center).
- Imeko yoSetyenziso: Ukubeka esweni ukuvuza kwemethane kwiindawo zoxinzelelo, kwiindawo zokulawula, nakwiindawo zokudibana kwepayipi.
- Imingeni:
- Ukuvuza Okungafumanekiyo: Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwemibhobho luthetha ukuba nokuvuza okuncinci kunokuba yingozi ngokukhawuleza.
- Izitishi Ezingenamntu: Izitishi ezininzi zeevalvu ezikude azinamntu, zifuna ukujongwa kude kunye nokukwazi ukuzixilonga.
- Izisombululo:
- Ukusetyenziswa kwee-sensors zegesi ezivuthayo ezisetyenziswa yi-Infrared (IR) ukufunxa ukuqhuma. Ezi azichaphazeleki ziimeko-bume ezingenaoksijini kwaye zihlala ixesha elide, nto leyo ezenza zilungele igesi yendalo (ngokuyintloko i-methane).
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwee-sensors kwiinkqubo ze-SCADA (uLawulo loLawulo kunye nokuFunyanwa kwedatha) ukuze kudluliselwe idatha ekude kunye nokubeka esweni kwindawo enye.
- Isiphumo:
- Ivumela ukujongwa kweziseko ezibalulekileyo iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, iintsuku ezisi-7 ngeentsuku ezisixhenxe. Igumbi lolawulo eliphakathi linokufumana ukuvuza kwangoko kwaye lithumele iqela lokulungisa, linciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokuphendula kwaye liqinisekise ukhuseleko lomthambo wamandla wesizwe.
Ityala lesi-3: Ukwembiwa kwamalahle – Ukubeka iliso kwigesi engaphantsi komhlaba
- Indawo: Imigodi yamalahle kwimimandla efana neKaraganda.
- Imeko yokusetyenziswa: Ukubeka esweni ubuninzi be-fireamp (ngokuyintloko i-methane) kunye ne-carbon monoxide ezindleleni zeemigodi nakwiindawo zokusebenza.
- Imingeni:
- Umngcipheko Wokuqhuma Okukhulu Kakhulu: Ukuqokelelwa kwe-methane yeyona nto iphambili ebangela ukuqhuma kwemigodi yamalahle.
- Indawo Enzima: Ukufuma okuphezulu, uthuli olunzima, kunye nempembelelo enokubakho kwizixhobo.
- Izisombululo:
- Ukusasazwa kwee-Mining Intrinsically Safe methane sensors, ezenzelwe ngokukodwa ukumelana neemeko ezinzima zangaphantsi komhlaba.
- Ukwenziwa kwenethiwekhi ye-sensor exineneyo enokudluliselwa kwedatha ngexesha langempela kwiziko lokuthunyelwa komphezulu.
- Isiphumo:
- Xa uxinzelelo lwe-methane ludlula umda okhuselekileyo, inkqubo inciphisa ngokuzenzekelayo amandla kwindawo echaphazelekayo kwaye ibangele ii-alamu zokuphuma, nto leyo ethintela ngempumelelo ukuqhuma kwe-methane.
- Ukubeka iliso kwi-carbon monoxide ngaxeshanye kunceda ekufumaneni iimpawu zokuqala zokutsha okuzenzekelayo kwimixokelelwane yamalahle.
Ityala lesi-4: Iinkampani zokuCoca iikhemikhali neoyile
- Indawo: Iifektri zokucoca kunye nezityalo zeekhemikhali kwizixeko ezifana neAtyrau kunye neShymkent.
- Imeko yokusetyenziswa: Ukubeka esweni iigesi ezahlukeneyo ezinokutsha nezinobungozi kwiindawo zeereactor, iifama zeetanki, iindawo zokumpompa, kunye neendawo zokulayisha/zokukhulula.
- Imingeni:
- Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeegesi: Ngaphaya kwezinto ezivuthayo eziqhelekileyo, iigesi ezithile ezinobuthi ezifana ne-benzene, i-ammonia, okanye i-chlorine zinokubakho.
- Imo Engcolisayo: Umphunga ovela kwiikhemikhali ezithile unokungcolisa izixhobo zokuvavanya.
- Izisombululo:
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokubona igesi ezininzi, apho intloko enye inokujonga iigesi ezivuthayo kunye neegesi ezinobungozi ezi-1-2 ngaxeshanye.
- Ukuxhobisa izixhobo zokuvavanya uthuli/ukungena kwamanzi (ezilinganiswe yi-IP) kunye nezihluzi ezimelana nokugqwala.
- Isiphumo:
- Ibonelela ngokubekwa esweni okubanzi kokhuseleko lwegesi kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zeekhemikhali, ikhusela abasebenzi bezityalo kunye noluntu olungqongileyo, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yokhuseleko lwemizi-mveliso kunye nokusingqongileyo yaseKazakhstan engqongqo ngakumbi.
Isishwankathelo
EKazakhstan, izixhobo zokuvavanya igesi ezithintela ukuqhuma azizizo izixhobo eziqhelekileyo; ziyindlela "yokuphila" kukhuseleko lwemizi-mveliso. Usetyenziso lwazo lokwenyani lufikelela kuzo zonke iikona zamandla kunye namashishini amakhulu, luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, ukukhuselwa kweebhiliyoni zeerandi zeempahla, kunye nokuzinza koqoqosho lwesizwe.
Ngobuchwepheshe obuphucukileyo, izixhobo zokuvavanya ezibonisa ubuchule obukrelekrele, uqhagamshelo olungenazingcingo, ubomi obude, kunye nokuzixilonga okuphuculweyo kuba ngumkhwa omtsha kwiiprojekthi ezintsha kunye nokuphuculwa ngaphakathi eKazakhstan, nto leyo eqinisa ngakumbi isiseko semveliso ekhuselekileyo kweli lizwe lityebileyo kwizixhobo.
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Ixesha leposi: Septemba-30-2025