Iimpawu zexesha lemvula yePlum kunye neemfuno zokujonga imvula
Imvula yeplum (Meiyu) yinto eyahlukileyo yemvula eyakheka ngexesha lokuhamba kwemvula yasehlotyeni eMpuma Asia, echaphazela kakhulu i-Yangtze River Basin yaseTshayina, iSiqithi saseHonshu saseJapan, kunye noMzantsi Korea. Ngokwemigangatho kazwelonke yaseTshayina ethi “Meiyu Monitoring Indicators” (GB/T 33671-2017), imimandla yemvula yeplum yaseTshayina inokwahlulwa ibe ziindawo ezintathu: iJiangnan (I), i-Middle-Lower Yangtze (II), kunye neJianghuai (III), nganye inemihla eyahlukileyo yokuqala—indawo yaseJiangnan idla ngokungena kwixesha leMeiyu kuqala nge-9 kaJuni ngokomyinge, ilandelwe yi-Middle-Lower Yangtze nge-14 kaJuni, kunye neJianghuai nge-23 kaJuni. Olu tshintsho lwendawo ludala imfuno yokujonga imvula ngokubanzi, okuqhubekayo, okubonelela ngamathuba amaninzi okusetyenziswa kwee-geji zemvula.
Ixesha lemvula yeplum ka-2025 libonise iindlela zokuqala kwangethuba—imimandla yaseJiangnan kunye neyaseMiddle-Lower Yangtze iqale eMeiyu ngoJuni 7 (iintsuku ezi-2-7 ngaphambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo), ngelixa ingingqi yaseJianghuai iqale ngoJuni 19 (iintsuku ezi-4 ngaphambi kwexesha). Oku kufika kwangethuba kwandisa ukungxamiseka kokuthintela izikhukula. Imvula yeplum inexesha elide, ubunzulu obuphezulu, kunye nokugubungela ngokubanzi—umzekelo, imvula yeYangtze ephakathi nesezantsi ka-2024 idlule umyinge wembali ngaphezulu kwe-50%, kwaye ezinye iindawo zijongene “neMeiyu enobudlova” ebangela izikhukula ezinkulu. Kule meko, ukubeka esweni imvula ngokuchanekileyo kuba sisiseko sokwenza izigqibo zokulawula izikhukula.
Ukujonga imvula ngesandla ngokwemveli kunemida ebalulekileyo: umlinganiselo ophantsi (ngesiqhelo ka-1-2 ngemini), ukuhanjiswa kwedatha okucothayo, kunye nokungakwazi ukubamba imvula enkulu yexesha elifutshane. Iigeyiji zemvula ezizenzekelayo zanamhlanje ezisebenzisa i-tipping-bucket okanye imigaqo yokulinganisa zivumela ukujonga umzuzu ngomzuzu okanye umzuzwana ngomzuzwana, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwedatha okungenazingcingo ngexesha langempela kuphucula kakhulu ixesha kunye nokuchaneka. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye-tipping-bucket rain gauge kwi-Sanduxi Reservoir yaseYongkang eZhejiang ilayisha idatha ngokuthe ngqo kumaqonga e-hydrological ephondo, ifezekisa ukujonga imvula "okulula nokusebenzayo".
Imingeni ephambili yobuchwephesha ibandakanya: ukugcina ukuchaneka ngexesha lemvula enkulu (umz., i-660mm kwiintsuku ezi-3 kwiTaiping Town yaseHubei ngo-2025—i-1/3 yemvula yonyaka); ukuthembeka kwezixhobo kwiindawo ezifumileyo; kunye nokubekwa kwezikhululo kwiindawo ezintsonkothileyo. Iigeyiji zemvula zanamhlanje zijongana nezi zinto ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo yokulwa nokugqwala, ukuphinda-phinda kwebhakethi kabini, kunye namandla elanga. Iinethiwekhi ezixineneyo ezinikwe amandla yi-IoT ezifana nenkqubo ye-"Digital Levee" yaseZhejiang zihlaziya idatha yemvula rhoqo emva kwemizuzu emi-5 ukusuka kwizikhululo ezili-11.
Okuphawulekayo kukuba, utshintsho lwemozulu luyandisa imeko-bume yaseMeiyu—imvula yaseMeiyu ka-2020 yayingaphezulu kwe-120% kunomndilili (iphezulu ukusukela ngo-1961), ifuna iigeyiji zemvula ezinomlinganiselo obanzi, ukumelana neempembelelo, kunye nokudluliselwa okuthembekileyo. Idatha yeMeiyu ikwaxhasa uphando lwemozulu, inika ulwazi ngamacebo okuziqhelanisa nexesha elide.
Izicelo ezintsha eTshayina
I-China iphuhlise iinkqubo ezibanzi zokujonga imvula ukusuka ekubonweni kwendabuko ngesandla ukuya kwizisombululo ze-IoT ezikrelekrele, apho iigeyiji zemvula ziguquka zibe zii-nodes ezibalulekileyo zenethiwekhi ezikrelekrele zamanzi.
IiNethiwekhi zoLawulo lweZikhukula zeDijithali
Inkqubo ye-“Digital Levee” yeSithili saseXiuzhou ingumzekelo weenkqubo zanamhlanje. Ngokudibanisa iigeyiji zemvula nezinye izinzwa zamanzi, ilayisha idatha rhoqo emva kwemizuzu emi-5 kwiqonga lolawulo. “Ngaphambili, besilinganisa imvula ngesandla sisebenzisa ii-degreeed cylinders—ezingasebenzi kakuhle nezinobungozi ebusuku. Ngoku, ii-apps zeselula zibonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela kwi-basin yonke,” utshilo uJiang Jianming, uSekela Mlawuli weOfisi yezoLimo yaseWangdian Town. Oku kuvumela abasebenzi ukuba bagxile kumanyathelo okusebenza ngokukhawuleza afana nokuhlolwa kweedike, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwempendulo yezikhukula ngaphezulu kwama-50%.
KwiSixeko saseTongxiang, inkqubo ethi “Smart Waterlogging Control” idibanisa idatha evela kwizikhululo ezingama-34 zetelemetry kunye noqikelelo lwamanzi olusebenza nge-AI olusebenza iiyure ezingama-72. Ngexesha leMeiyu ka-2024, ikhuphe iingxelo zemvula ezingama-23, izilumkiso ezi-5 zezikhukula, kunye nezilumkiso zokugeleza kwamanzi ezi-2, nto leyo ebonisa indima ebalulekileyo ye-hydrology “njengamehlo neendlebe” zolawulo lwezikhukula. Idatha yesilinganiso semvula esikwinqanaba lemizuzu incedisa ukujongwa kweradar/satellite, yenza isakhelo sokujonga esinobukhulu obuninzi.
Izicelo zoMgxobhozo kunye nezoLimo
Kulawulo lwemithombo yamanzi, iSanduxi Reservoir yaseYongkang isebenzisa iigeyiji ezizenzekelayo kumasebe emijelo esi-8 kunye nokulinganisa ngesandla ukuphucula ukunkcenkceshela. “Ukudibanisa iindlela kuqinisekisa ukwabiwa kwamanzi okunengqiqo ngelixa kuphucula ukujonga ukwenziwa kwezinto ngokuzenzekelayo,” ucacise umphathi uLou Qinghua. Idatha yemvula inika ulwazi ngokuthe ngqo malunga nokucwangciswa kokunkcenkceshela kunye nokusasazwa kwamanzi.
Ngexesha lokuqala kweMeiyu ka-2025, iHubei's Water Sciences Institute yasebenzisa inkqubo yokuqikelela izikhukhula ngexesha langempela edibanisa uqikelelo lwemozulu olusebenza iiyure ezingama-24/72 kunye nedatha yendawo yokugcina amanzi. Iqalise ukulinganisa izivunguvungu ezingama-26 kunye nokuxhasa iintlanganiso ezi-5 ezingxamisekileyo, ukuthembeka kwenkqubo kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wemvula ochanekileyo.
Uphuhliso lweTekhnoloji
Iigeyiji zemvula zanamhlanje ziquka izinto ezintsha ezibalulekileyo:
- Umlinganiselo weHybrid: Ukudibanisa imigaqo yokulinganisa kunye nokulinganisa ukuze kugcinwe ukuchaneka kuyo yonke imitha (0.1-300mm/h), kujongana nemvula eguquguqukayo yaseMeiyu.
- Uyilo Lokuzicoca: Iisensa ze-Ultrasonic kunye neengubo ezithintela ukungcola emanzini zithintela ukuqokelelana kwenkunkuma—kubalulekile ngexesha lemvula enkulu yaseMeiyu. I-Oki Electric yaseJapan inika ingxelo yokunciphisa ukugcinwa kwe-90% ngeenkqubo ezinjalo.
- I-Edge Computing: Ukucubungula idatha kwisixhobo kucoca ingxolo kwaye kuchonge iziganeko ezingaqhelekanga zasekuhlaleni, kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokuba kukho ukuphazamiseka kwenethiwekhi.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kweeParamitha ezininzi: Izikhululo ezidityanisiweyo zaseMzantsi Korea zilinganisa imvula kunye nomswakama/ubushushu, nto leyo ephucula uqikelelo lokuwa komhlaba olunxulumene neMeiyu.
Imingeni kunye neMigqaliselo yexesha elizayo
Nangona kukho inkqubela phambili, imida iyaqhubeka:
- Iimeko Ezinzima: “I-Meiyu enobudlova” ka-2024 e-Anhui ilayishe amandla eegeyiji ezingama-300mm/h kwezinye iigeyiji
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha: Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zithintela ukuqikelela izikhukhula kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo
- Ugutyungelwa kweendawo zasemaphandleni: Iindawo ezikude ezineentaba azinazo iindawo zokubeka esweni ezaneleyo
Izisombululo ezintsha ziquka:
- Iigeyiji Ezihambayo Ezisetyenziswa Yidrone: I-MWR yaseTshayina ivavanye iigeyiji ezithwalwa yi-UAV ukuze zisetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lezikhukula zika-2025
- Ukuqinisekiswa kweBlockchain: Iiprojekthi zovavanyo eZhejiang ziqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kwedatha kwizigqibo ezibalulekileyo
- Uqikelelo olusebenzisa i-AI: Imodeli entsha yaseShanghai inciphisa ii-alamu zobuxoki ngama-40% ngokufunda koomatshini
Njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu luqinisa ukuguquguquka kweMeiyu, isizukulwana esilandelayo siya kufuna:
- Ukuqina okuphuculweyo (ukuthintela amanzi kwi-IP68, ukusebenza kwe--30°C~70°C)
- Uluhlu olubanzi lokulinganisa (0~500mm/h)
- Ukuhlanganiswa okuqinileyo neenethiwekhi ze-IoT/5G
Njengoko uMlawuli uJiang ephawula: “Oko kwaqala njengomlinganiselo wemvula olula kuye kwaba sisiseko solawulo lwamanzi olukrelekrele.” Ukususela kulawulo lwezikhukula ukuya kuphando lwemozulu, iigeyiji zemvula zihlala zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokumelana nemvula kwimimandla yemvula yeplamu.
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Ixesha leposi: Juni-25-2025