Njengelizwe eliphambili kwi-Asia Ephakathi, iKazakhstan inemithombo yamanzi emininzi kunye namathuba amakhulu ophuhliso lwezolimo lweentlanzi. Ngokuphucuka kweteknoloji yezolimo lweentlanzi kwihlabathi liphela kunye nokutshintshela kwiinkqubo ezikrelekrele, ubuchwepheshe bokujonga umgangatho wamanzi buyasetyenziswa ngakumbi kwicandelo lezolimo lweentlanzi zelizwe. Eli nqaku liphonononga ngokucwangcisiweyo iimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa kweenzwa zombane (EC) kwishishini lezolimo lweentlanzi zaseKazakhstan, lihlalutya imigaqo yazo yobugcisa, iziphumo ezisebenzayo, kunye neendlela zophuhliso lwexesha elizayo. Ngokuphonononga iimeko eziqhelekileyo ezifana nokulima i-sturgeon kuLwandle lwaseCaspian, iindawo zokufuya iintlanzi eLake Balkhash, kunye nokujikeleza kwakhona iinkqubo zezolimo lweentlanzi kummandla waseAlmaty, eli phepha lityhila indlela iinzwa ze-EC ezinceda ngayo abalimi basekuhlaleni ukujongana nemingeni yolawulo lomgangatho wamanzi, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezolimo, kunye nokunciphisa iingozi zokusingqongileyo. Ukongeza, eli nqaku lixoxa ngemingeni iKazakhstan ejongene nayo ekuguqulweni kobukrelekrele bezolimo lweentlanzi kunye nezisombululo ezinokubakho, libonelela ngeereferensi ezibalulekileyo zophuhliso lwezolimo lweentlanzi kwezinye iindawo ezifanayo.
Isishwankathelo seemfuno zokujonga umgangatho wamanzi eKazakhstan kwishishini lezolimo zasemanzini
Njengelizwe elikhulu elingqongwe yilwandle emhlabeni, iKazakhstan inemithombo yamanzi etyebileyo, kuquka imithombo yamanzi emikhulu efana noLwandle iCaspian, iLake Balkhash, kunye neLake Zaysan, kunye nemilambo emininzi, ebonelela ngeemeko zendalo ezikhethekileyo zophuhliso lwezolimo zasemanzini. Ishishini lezolimo zasemanzini lelizwe libonise ukukhula okuzinzileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana ezifuywayo eziphambili kuquka i-carp, i-sturgeon, i-rainbow trout, kunye ne-sturgeon yaseSiberia. Ukulima i-sturgeon kummandla weCaspian, ngokukodwa, kutsale ingqalelo enkulu ngenxa yemveliso yayo ye-caviar exabiso liphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ishishini lezolimo zasemanzini laseKazakhstan lijongene nemingeni emininzi, efana nokuguquguquka okukhulu komgangatho wamanzi, iindlela zolimo ezisemva kakhulu, kunye nefuthe lemozulu embi, zonke ezithintela uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lweshishini.
Kwiindawo zokulima amachibi eKazakhstan, umbane oqhubayo (EC), njengepharamitha ebalulekileyo yomgangatho wamanzi, ubaluleke kakhulu ekujongeni. I-EC ibonisa uxinano olupheleleyo lwee-ion zetyuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo emanzini, nto leyo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kwe-osmoregulation kunye nemisebenzi ye-physiological yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Amaxabiso e-EC ayahluka kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamanzi eKazakhstan: uLwandle lwaseCaspian, njengechibi lamanzi anetyuwa, lunexabiso eliphezulu le-EC (malunga ne-13,000–15,000 μS/cm); Ummandla wasentshona weLake Balkhash, ongowamanzi acocekileyo, uneexabiso eziphantsi ze-EC (malunga ne-300–500 μS/cm), ngelixa ummandla wasempuma, ongenawo umngxuma wokuphuma, ubonisa ityuwa ephezulu (malunga ne-5,000–6,000 μS/cm). Amachibi aseAlpine afana neLake Zaysan abonisa amaxabiso e-EC aguquguqukayo ngakumbi. Ezi meko zinzima zomgangatho wamanzi zenza ukuba ukujonga i-EC kube yinto ebalulekileyo ekuphumeleleni kwezolimo zasemanzini eKazakhstan.
Ngokwesiko, abalimi baseKazakh babexhomekeke kumava ukuze bavavanye umgangatho wamanzi, besebenzisa iindlela ezizimeleyo ezifana nokujonga umbala wamanzi kunye nokuziphatha kweentlanzi ukuze balawule. Le ndlela ayizange nje ingabi nabungqongqo besayensi kuphela kodwa yenza kube nzima ukubona imiba enokubakho yomgangatho wamanzi ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo edla ngokukhokelela ekufeni kweentlanzi ezinkulu kunye nokulahlekelwa kwezoqoqosho. Njengoko izikali zolimo zisanda kwaye amanqanaba okwanda enyuka, imfuno yokujonga umgangatho wamanzi ngokuchanekileyo iye yaba yinto engxamisekileyo ngakumbi. Ukwaziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-EC sensor kunike imboni yezolimo zaseKazakhstan isisombululo sokujonga umgangatho wamanzi esithembekileyo, esisebenza ngexesha langempela, nesingabizi kakhulu.
Kwimeko ethile yokusingqongileyo yaseKazakhstan, ukujonga i-EC kunemiphumo ebalulekileyo emininzi. Okokuqala, amaxabiso e-EC abonisa ngokuthe ngqo utshintsho lwetyuwa emanzini, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ekulawuleni intlanzi ye-euryhaline (umz., i-sturgeon) kunye nentlanzi ye-stenohaline (umz., i-rainbow trout). Okwesibini, ukunyuka okungaqhelekanga kwe-EC kunokubonisa ungcoliseko lwamanzi, njengokukhutshelwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso okanye ukugeleza kwamanzi athwala iityuwa kunye neeminerali. Ukongeza, amaxabiso e-EC anxulunyaniswa kakubi namanqanaba eoksijini enyibilikisiweyo—amanzi aphezulu e-EC adla ngokuba neoksijini enyibilikisiweyo ephantsi, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko ekusindeni kweentlanzi. Ke ngoko, ukujonga i-EC rhoqo kunceda abalimi ukuba balungise amaqhinga olawulo ngokukhawuleza ukuthintela uxinzelelo kunye nokufa kweentlanzi.
Urhulumente waseKazakhstan usandula ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokubeka esweni umgangatho wamanzi ukuze kuphuhliswe ukulima okuzinzileyo. Kwizicwangciso zakhe zophuhliso lwezolimo zesizwe, urhulumente uqalile ukukhuthaza amashishini ezolimo ukuba amkele izixhobo zokubeka esweni ezikrelekrele kwaye anike inkxaso-mali engaphelelanga. Okwangoku, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zikhuthaza ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bezolimo kunye nezixhobo eKazakhstan, nto leyo ekhawulezisa ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwee-EC sensors kunye nezinye iiteknoloji zokubeka esweni umgangatho wamanzi kweli lizwe. Olu xhaso lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokwaziswa kwetekhnoloji kudale iimeko ezilungileyo zokuphucula ishishini lezolimo zaseKazakhstan.
Imigaqo yoBugcisa kunye neeCandelo zeNkqubo zeeSensors ze-EC zoMgangatho waManzi
Izinzwa zokuqhuba umbane (EC) zizinto eziphambili kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje zokujonga umgangatho wamanzi, ezisebenza ngokusekelwe kumlinganiselo ochanekileyo womthamo wokuqhuba wesisombululo. Kwizicelo zezolimo zaseKazakhstan, izinzwa ze-EC zivavanya amanqanaba e-total dissolved solids (TDS) kunye ne-salinity ngokufumanisa iipropati zokuqhuba ze-ions emanzini, zibonelela ngenkxaso yedatha ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwezolimo. Ukusuka kwimbono yobugcisa, izinzwa ze-EC zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimigaqo ye-electrochemical: xa ii-electrode ezimbini zintywiliselwa emanzini kwaye kusetyenziswa i-voltage etshintshanayo, ii-ions ezinyibilikisiweyo zihamba ngendlela eya kudala umbane wombane, kwaye isinzwa sibala ixabiso le-EC ngokulinganisa obu bunzima bamanzi. Ukuze kuthintelwe iimpazamo zokulinganisa ezibangelwa yi-electrode polarization, izinzwa ze-EC zanamhlanje zihlala zisebenzisa imithombo yokuvuselela ye-AC kunye neendlela zokulinganisa i-high-frequency ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwedatha kunye nozinzo.
Ngokuphathelele ulwakhiwo lwesensor, iisensor ze-EC ze-aquaculture zihlala zinento yokubona kunye nemodyuli yokucubungula isignali. Into yokubona idla ngokwenziwa ngee-electrode ze-titanium okanye ze-platinum ezingamelani nokugqwala, ezikwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo emanzini okulima ixesha elide. Imodyuli yokucubungula isignali iyandisa, ihluze, kwaye iguqule imiqondiso yombane ebuthathaka ibe yimveliso eqhelekileyo. Iisensor ze-EC ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiifama zaseKazakh zihlala zisebenzisa uyilo lwe-electrode ezine, apho ii-electrode ezimbini zisebenzisa umbane ongaguqukiyo kwaye ezinye ezimbini zilinganisa umahluko we-voltage. Olu yilo luphelisa ngempumelelo ukuphazamiseka okuvela kwi-electrode polarization kunye ne-interfacial potential, luphucula kakhulu ukuchaneka kokulinganisa, ingakumbi kwiindawo zokulima ezinotshintsho olukhulu lwetyuwa.
Ukuhlawula ubushushu luphawu olubalulekileyo lobuchwephesha bee-EC sensors, njengoko amaxabiso e-EC echaphazeleka kakhulu bubushushu bamanzi. Ii-EC sensors zanamhlanje zihlala zine-probes zobushushu ezichanekileyo ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezihlawula ngokuzenzekelayo imilinganiselo kumaxabiso alinganayo kubushushu obuqhelekileyo (ngesiqhelo i-25°C) ngee-algorithms, ukuqinisekisa ukuthelekiswa kwedatha. Ngenxa yendawo yaseKazakhstan engaphakathi, utshintsho olukhulu lobushushu bemini, kunye notshintsho olukhulu lobushushu bexesha lonyaka, lo msebenzi wokuhlawula ubushushu ozenzekelayo ubaluleke kakhulu. Ii-transmitters ze-EC zezezimboni ezivela kubavelisi abanjengoShandong Renke nazo zibonelela ngokutshintsha ubushushu ngesandla nangokuzenzekelayo, okuvumela ukuziqhelanisa okuguquguqukayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokulima eKazakhstan.
Ngokwembono yokudibanisa inkqubo, ii-EC sensors kwiifama zaseKazakh aquaculture zihlala zisebenza njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokujonga umgangatho wamanzi enemilinganiselo emininzi. Ngaphandle kwe-EC, ezi nkqubo zidibanisa imisebenzi yokujonga iiparameter ezibalulekileyo zomgangatho wamanzi ezifana ne-oxygen enyibilikisiweyo (DO), i-pH, i-oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), i-turbidity, kunye ne-ammonia nitrogen. Idatha evela kwii-sensors ezahlukeneyo idluliselwa nge-CAN bus okanye ubuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano olungenazingcingo (umz., iTurMass, iGSM) ukuya kwi-central controller ize ilayishwe kwiqonga lelifu ukuze ihlalutywe kwaye igcinwe. Izisombululo ze-IoT ezivela kwiinkampani ezifana neWeihai Jingxin Changtong zenza abalimi bakwazi ukujonga idatha yomgangatho wamanzi ngexesha langempela ngee-apps ze-smartphone kwaye bafumane izilumkiso zeeparameter ezingaqhelekanga, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo.
Itheyibhile: IiParameters zoBugcisa eziqhelekileyo zeeSensors ze-EC ze-Aquaculture
| Udidi lweParamitha | Iinkcukacha zobugcisa | Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwizicelo zaseKazakhstan |
|---|---|---|
| Uluhlu Lokulinganisa | 0–20,000 μS/cm | Kufuneka ugqume amanzi acocekileyo ukuya kumanzi amdaka |
| Ukuchaneka | ±1% FS | Ihlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko zolawulo lwezolimo |
| Uluhlu lobushushu | 0–60°C | Iyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nemozulu eqatha yelizwekazi |
| Uvavanyo loKhuseleko | IP68 | Ukungangenwa ngamanzi kwaye akunathuli ukuze kusetyenziswe ngaphandle |
| Unxibelelwano lweNdawo yoNxibelelwano | I-RS485/4-20mA/engenazingcingo | Iququzelela ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo kunye nokudluliselwa kwedatha |
| Izinto ze-Electrode | I-Titanium/iplatinum | Ayikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala ixesha elide lobomi |
Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo zaseKazakhstan, iindlela zokufaka i-EC sensor nazo zahlukile. Kwiifama ezinkulu zangaphandle, ii-sensors zihlala zifakelwa ngeendlela ezisekwe kwi-buoy okanye ezizinzileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho iindawo zokulinganisa ezimeleyo. Kwiinkqubo ze-aquaculture ezijikeleza kwakhona efektri (i-RAS), ukufakwa kwemibhobho kuqhelekile, kujonga ngokuthe ngqo utshintsho lomgangatho wamanzi ngaphambi nasemva konyango. Iimonitha ze-EC zemizi-mveliso ezikwi-intanethi ezivela kwiGandon Technology zikwabonelela ngeendlela zokufakela ukuhamba kwamanzi, ezifanelekileyo kwiimeko zokulima ezixineneyo ezifuna ukubekwa kweliso rhoqo kwamanzi. Ngenxa yokubanda kakhulu ebusika kwezinye iindawo zaseKazakh, ii-EC sensors eziphezulu zixhotyiswe ngemizobo yokulwa nokukhenkceza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
Ukugcinwa kwezixhobo zesensor kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthembeka kokujonga ixesha elide. Umngeni oqhelekileyo ojongene neefama zaseKazakh kukwenza i-biofouling ibe yi-biofouling—ukukhula kwe-algae, iibhaktheriya, kunye nezinye iintsholongwane kwiindawo zesensor, okuchaphazela ukuchaneka kokulinganisa. Ukujongana noku, izixhobo ze-EC zanamhlanje zisebenzisa uyilo olwahlukileyo olutsha, olufana neenkqubo zokuzicoca zeShandong Renke kunye neetekhnoloji zokulinganisa ezisekwe kwi-fluorescence, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu ukugcinwa rhoqo. Kwiizixhobo zesensor ezingenamisebenzi yokuzicoca, "iindawo zokuzicoca" ezikhethekileyo ezixhotyiswe ngeebhrashi zoomatshini okanye ukucoca nge-ultrasonic zinokucoca iindawo ze-electrode ngamaxesha athile. Olu phuculo lobuchwepheshe luvumela izixhobo ze-EC ukuba zisebenze ngokuzinzileyo nakwiindawo ezikude zaseKazakhstan, zinciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla.
Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-IoT kunye ne-AI, izinzwa ze-EC ziyaguquka ukusuka kwizixhobo zokulinganisa nje ukuya kwiindawo zokwenza izigqibo ezikrelekrele. Umzekelo ophawulekayo yi-eKoral, inkqubo eyenziwe yiHaobo International, engagcini nje ngokujonga iiparameter zomgangatho wamanzi kodwa ikwasebenzisa ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini ukuqikelela iindlela kunye nokulungisa ngokuzenzekelayo izixhobo ukugcina iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokulima. Olu tshintsho olukrelekrele lubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini lezolimo zaseKazakhstan, lunceda abalimi basekuhlaleni ukuba boyise izikhewu zamava obuchwephesha kwaye baphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho wemveliso.
Ityala lesicelo sokuBekwa kweliso kwiFama yaseCaspian Sea Sturgeon
Ummandla woLwandle iCaspian, enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zokufuya iintlanzi eKazakhstan, uyaziwa ngokulima i-sturgeon esemgangathweni ophezulu kunye nemveliso ye-caviar. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukunyuka kokuguquguquka kwetyuwa kuLwandle iCaspian, kunye nongcoliseko lwemizi-mveliso, kuye kwabangela imingeni enzima ekufuyeni i-sturgeon. Ifama enkulu ye-sturgeon kufutshane ne-Aktau yaba nguvulindlela ekusungulweni kwenkqubo ye-EC sensor, ijongana ngempumelelo nolu tshintsho lokusingqongileyo ngokubeka esweni ngexesha langempela kunye nohlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo, yaba ngumzekelo wezolimo zanamhlanje eKazakhstan.
Le fama igubungela malunga neehektare ezingama-50, isebenzisa inkqubo yokulima evaliweyo kancinci, ikakhulu kwiintlobo zezityalo ezixabisa kakhulu ezifana ne-sturgeon yaseRussia kunye ne-sturgeon ye-stellate. Ngaphambi kokuba yamkele ukubekwa kweliso kwe-EC, ifama yayixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekuthathweni kweesampuli ngesandla kunye nohlalutyo lwelebhu, nto leyo eyabangela ukulibaziseka okukhulu kwedatha kunye nokungakwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho lomgangatho wamanzi. Ngo-2019, ifama yasebenzisana ne-Haobo International ukuqalisa inkqubo yokubeka iliso lomgangatho wamanzi ekrelekrele esekwe kwi-IoT, kunye nee-sensors ze-EC njengezinto eziphambili ezibekwe kwiindawo eziphambili ezifana neendawo zokungena kwamanzi, amachibi okulima, kunye neendawo zokukhupha amanzi. Le nkqubo isebenzisa uthumelo olungenazingcingo lweTurMass ukuthumela idatha yexesha langempela kwigumbi lolawulo eliphakathi kunye neeapps zeselula zamafama, okuvumela ukujonga ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa iiyure ezingama-24/7.
Njengentlanzi ye-euryhaline, i-Caspian sturgeon inokuziqhelanisa notshintsho lwetyuwa, kodwa indawo yayo yokukhula efanelekileyo ifuna amaxabiso e-EC aphakathi kwe-12,000–14,000 μS/cm. Ukuphambuka kolu luhlu kubangela uxinzelelo lwe-physiological, okuchaphazela amazinga okukhula kunye nomgangatho we-caviar. Ngokujonga i-EC rhoqo, iingcali zasefama zifumanise ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwexesha lonyaka kwityuwa yamanzi angenayo: ngexesha lokunyibilika kwekhephu entwasahlobo, ukunyuka kokungena kwamanzi acocekileyo avela kuMlambo iVolga kunye neminye imilambo kunciphisa amaxabiso e-EC onxweme ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-10,000 μS/cm, ngelixa ukufuma okukhulu kwehlobo kunokunyusa amaxabiso e-EC angaphezu kwe-16,000 μS/cm. Olu tshintsho lwalusoloko lungahoywa ngaphambili, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhuleni kwe-sturgeon okungalinganiyo.
Itheyibhile: Uthelekiso lweziphumo zesicelo sokuBekwa kweliso kwiCaspian Sturgeon Farm
| I-Metric | Izinzwa zangaphambi kwe-EC (2018) | Izinzwa zePost-EC (2022) | Uphuculo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isantya sokuKhula seSturgeon esiPhakathi (g/ngosuku) | 3.2 | 4.1 | + 28% |
| Isivuno seCaviar sePremium-Grade | 65% | 82% | +17 iipesenti zamanqaku |
| Ukufa Okubangelwa Yimiba Yomgangatho Wamanzi | 12% | 4% | -8 iipesenti zamanqaku |
| Umlinganiselo wokuguqulwa kweFeed | 1.8:1 | 1.5:1 | Inzuzo yokusebenza kakuhle eyi-17% |
| Uvavanyo lwamanzi oluqhutywa ngesandla ngenyanga | 60 | 15 | -75% |
Ngokusekelwe kwidatha ye-EC yexesha langempela, ifama isebenzise amanyathelo amaninzi okulungisa ngokuchanekileyo. Xa amaxabiso e-EC ehla ngaphantsi koluhlu olufanelekileyo, inkqubo yanciphisa ngokuzenzekelayo ukungena kwamanzi acocekileyo kwaye yavuselela ukujikeleza kwamanzi ukuze kwandiswe ixesha lokugcina amanzi. Xa amaxabiso e-EC ayephezulu kakhulu, yandisa ukongezwa kwamanzi acocekileyo kwaye yandisa umoya. Olu hlengahlengiso, olwalusekelwe kwisigqibo sobungqina, ngoku lwalunenkxaso yedatha yesayensi, luphucula ixesha kunye nobukhulu bohlengahlengiso. Ngokweengxelo zefama, emva kokwamkela ukubekwa kweliso kwe-EC, amazinga okukhula kwe-sturgeon anyuke nge-28%, isivuno se-caviar se-premium sanda ukusuka kwi-65% ukuya kwi-82%, kwaye ukufa ngenxa yemiba yomgangatho wamanzi kwehle ukusuka kwi-12% ukuya kwi-4%.
Ukubeka iliso kwi-EC nako kudlale indima ebalulekileyo kwisilumkiso songcoliseko kwangethuba. Ehlotyeni lowama-2021, ii-EC sensors zifumanise ukunyuka okungaqhelekanga kumaxabiso e-EC echibini ngaphaya kokuguquguquka okuqhelekileyo. Inkqubo yakhupha isilumkiso ngoko nangoko, kwaye iingcali zafumanisa ngokukhawuleza ukuvuza kwamanzi amdaka avela kumzi-mveliso okufutshane. Ngenxa yokufunyaniswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ifama yahlula ichibi elichaphazelekayo yaza yavula iinkqubo zokucoca ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo eyathintela ilahleko enkulu. Emva kwesi siganeko, ii-arhente zokusingqongileyo zasekuhlaleni zasebenzisana nefama ukuseka inethiwekhi yesilumkiso somgangatho wamanzi yengingqi esekelwe ekubekeni iliso kwi-EC, egubungela iindawo ezibanzi zonxweme.
Ngokuphathelele ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, inkqubo yokubeka esweni ye-EC ibonelele ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo. Ngokwesiko, ifama yayitshintshiselana ngamanzi ngokugqithisileyo njengesilumkiso, ichitha amandla amaninzi. Ngokubeka esweni ngokuchanekileyo kwe-EC, iingcali ziphucule amaqhinga okutshintshiselana ngamanzi, zenza uhlengahlengiso kuphela xa kuyimfuneko. Idatha ibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla epompo yefama kwehle nge-35%, konga malunga ne-$25,000 ngonyaka kwiindleko zombane. Ukongeza, ngenxa yeemeko zamanzi ezizinzileyo, ukusetyenziswa kokutya kwe-sturgeon kuphucukile, kunciphisa iindleko zokutya malunga ne-15%.
Olu phononongo lwetyala lukwajongene nemingeni yobuchwephesha. Indawo enosawoti omninzi kuLwandle iCaspian ifuna ukuqina okukhulu kwe-sensor, kunye nee-electrode ze-sensor zokuqala ezibolayo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Emva kokuphuculwa kokusetyenziswa kwee-electrode ezikhethekileyo ze-titanium alloy kunye neendawo zokukhusela eziphuculweyo, ubomi bexesha elide banda ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu. Omnye umceli mngeni yayikukukhenkcezwa ebusika, okwachaphazela ukusebenza kwe-sensor. Isisombululo sasibandakanya ukufaka ii-heaters ezincinci kunye nee-anti-ice buoys kwiindawo eziphambili zokujonga ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza konyaka wonke.
Esi sicelo sokujonga i-EC sibonisa indlela ubugcisa obutsha obunokutshintsha ngayo iindlela zokulima zemveli. Umphathi wefama waphawula wathi, “Besisoloko sisebenza ebumnyameni, kodwa ngedatha ye-EC yexesha langempela, kufana nokuba ‘namehlo angaphantsi kwamanzi’—sinokuqonda ngokwenene kwaye silawule imeko-bume ye-sturgeon.” Impumelelo yale meko itsale ingqalelo kwamanye amashishini okulima aseKazakh, ikhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwe-EC sensor kuzwelonke. Ngo-2023, uMphathiswa wezoLimo waseKazakhstan wade waphuhlisa imigangatho yeshishini yokujonga umgangatho wamanzi asemanzini ngokusekelwe kweli tyala, efuna iifama eziphakathi nezinkulu ukuba zifake izixhobo zokujonga i-EC ezisisiseko.
Iindlela Zokulawula Ubungakanani Betyuwa Kwindawo Yokugcina Iintlanzi eLake Balkhash
ILake Balkhash, indawo ebalulekileyo yamanzi kumzantsi-mpuma weKazakhstan, ibonelela ngendawo efanelekileyo yokuzalela iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlanzi zorhwebo ngenxa yendalo yayo eyahlukileyo yebrack. Nangona kunjalo, uphawu olwahlukileyo lweli chibi ngumahluko omkhulu wetyuwa phakathi kwempuma nentshona—ummandla wasentshona, ophakelwa nguMlambo i-Ili kunye neminye imithombo yamanzi acocekileyo, unetyuwa encinci (EC ≈ 300–500 μS/cm), ngelixa ummandla osempuma, ongenawo umngxuma wokuphuma, uqokelela ityuwa (EC ≈ 5,000–6,000 μS/cm). Olu luhlu lwetyuwa lubangela imingeni ekhethekileyo kwiindawo zokufuya iintlanzi, nto leyo ekhuthaza amashishini ezolimo asekuhlaleni ukuba ahlole iindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-EC sensor.
Indawo yokufuya iintlanzi i-“Aksu”, ekunxweme olusentshona lweLake Balkhash, yeyona ndawo inkulu yemveliso yeefry kulo mmandla, ikakhulu izala iintlobo zamanzi acocekileyo ezifana ne-carp, i-silver carp, kunye ne-bighead carp, ngelixa ikwavavanya iintlanzi ezikhethekileyo ezilungelelaniswe ne-brackish. Iindlela zemveli zokufuya iintlanzi zazijongene namazinga angaguqukiyo okufuya iintlanzi, ingakumbi ngexesha lokunyibilika kwekhephu entwasahlobo xa ukuqukuqela komlambo i-Ili kwabangela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwamanzi okungena kwi-EC (200–800 μS/cm), nto leyo eyachaphazela kakhulu uphuhliso lwamaqanda kunye nokusinda kweefry. Ngo-2022, indawo yokufuya iintlanzi yazisa inkqubo yokulawula ityuwa ezenzekelayo esekelwe kwiisensa ze-EC, nto leyo eyatshintsha ngokusisiseko le meko.
Isiseko sale nkqubo sisebenzisa ii-transmitters ze-EC ze-industrial zeShandong Renke, ezinobubanzi obuphakathi kwe-0–20,000 μS/cm kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu kwe-±1%, okufanelekileyo ngokukodwa kwindawo yetyuwa eguquguqukayo yeLake Balkhash. Inethiwekhi ye-sensor isasazwa kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nemijelo yokungena, iitanki zokufunxa, kunye neendawo zokugcina amanzi, ithumela idatha ngebhasi ye-CAN ukuya kumlawuli ophakathi oqhagamshelwe kwizixhobo zokuxuba amanzi acocekileyo/amanzi echibi ukuze kulungiswe ityuwa ngexesha langempela. Le nkqubo ikwadibanisa ubushushu, ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo, kunye nokubeka esweni ezinye iiparameter, inika inkxaso epheleleyo yedatha yolawulo lweendawo zokufunxa.
Ukufukama kwamaqanda eentlanzi kuchaphazeleka kakhulu kutshintsho lwetyuwa. Umzekelo, amaqanda e-carp aqanduselwa ngcono kuluhlu lwe-EC oluyi-300–400 μS/cm, kunye nokuphambuka okubangela amazinga okufukama anciphileyo kunye namazinga aphezulu okukhubeka. Ngokujonga ngokuqhubekayo kwe-EC, iingcali zifumanise ukuba iindlela zemveli zivumela ukuguquguquka kwe-EC kwi-incubation tank yokwenyani kudlule kakhulu ulindelo, ngakumbi ngexesha lokutshintshiselana kwamanzi, kunye notshintsho olufikelela kwi-±150 μS/cm. Inkqubo entsha ifikelele kulungiso oluchanekileyo lwe-±10 μS/cm, inyusa amazinga okufukama aphakathi ukusuka kwi-65% ukuya kwi-88% kwaye inciphisa ukukhubazeka ukusuka kwi-12% ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-4%. Olu phuculo luphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yee-fry kunye nembuyekezo yezoqoqosho.
Ngexesha lokufuya iifry, ukujonga ii-EC kwangqineka kuxabiseke ngokulinganayo. Indawo yokufuya iifry isebenzisa uhlengahlengiso lwetyuwa kancinci kancinci ukulungiselela iifry ukuba zikhutshwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeLake Balkhash. Besebenzisa inethiwekhi ye-EC sensor, iingcali zilawula ngokuchanekileyo i-salinity gradients kumachibi okukhulisa, zitshintsha ukusuka kumanzi acocekileyo (EC ≈ 300 μS/cm) ukuya kumanzi amdaka (EC ≈ 3,000 μS/cm). Oku kulungelelaniswa ngokuchanekileyo kuphucule amazinga okusinda kweefry ngama-30–40%, ngakumbi kwiibhetshi ezilungiselelwe iindawo zasempuma zechibi ezinetyuwa eninzi.
Idatha yokubeka esweni i-EC ikwancede ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemithombo yamanzi. Ummandla weLake Balkhash ujongene nokunqongophala kwamanzi okwandayo, kwaye iindawo zokufuya iinkukhu zemveli zazixhomekeke kakhulu kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ukuze kulungiswe usawoti, nto leyo eyayibiza kakhulu kwaye ingenakuzinza. Ngokuhlalutya idatha ye-EC sensor yembali, iingcali ziphuhlise imodeli efanelekileyo yokuxuba amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba echibini, zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ngama-60% ngelixa zihlangabezana neemfuno zeendawo zokufuya iinkukhu, zonga malunga ne-$12,000 ngonyaka. Le ndlela yakhuthazwa ziiarhente zokusingqongileyo zasekuhlaleni njengomzekelo wokulondolozwa kwamanzi.
Isixhobo esitsha kweli tyala yayikukudibanisa ukujonga i-EC kunye nedatha yemozulu ukwakha iimodeli zokuqikelela. Ummandla weLake Balkhash uhlala ufumana imvula enkulu kunye nokunyibilika kwekhephu entwasahlobo, okubangela ukunyuka okukhawulezileyo komlambo i-Ili okuchaphazela ityuwa yokungena kweenkuni. Ngokudibanisa idatha yenethiwekhi ye-EC sensor kunye noqikelelo lwemozulu, inkqubo iqikelela utshintsho lwe-EC yokungena kwiiyure ezingama-24-48 kwangaphambili, ilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo umlinganiselo wokuxuba ukuze kulawulwe ngokukhawuleza. Lo msebenzi ubonakalise ukuba ubalulekile ngexesha lezikhukula zasentwasahlobo ka-2023, ukugcina amazinga okuqandusela ngaphezulu kwe-85% ngelixa iindawo zokuqandusela zemveli ezikufutshane zehle ngaphantsi kwe-50%.
Le projekthi ijongene nemingeni yokuziqhelanisa. Amanzi eLake Balkhash aqulathe ubuninzi be-carbonate kunye ne-sulfate, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulinganisweni kwe-electrode okuphazamisa ukuchaneka kokulinganisa. Isisombululo yayikukusebenzisa ii-electrode ezikhethekileyo ezichasene nokukhula kunye neendlela zokucoca ezizenzekelayo ezicoca ngoomatshini rhoqo emva kweeyure ezili-12. Ukongeza, i-plankton eninzi echibini inamathele kwiindawo zesensor, incitshiswa ngokuphucula iindawo zokufakela (ukuphepha iindawo ezine-biomass ephezulu) kunye nokongeza ukubulala iintsholongwane kwi-UV.
Impumelelo ye-“Aksu” career ibonisa indlela ubuchwepheshe be-EC sensor obunokujongana ngayo nemingeni yokufuywa kweentlanzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zendalo. Intloko yeprojekthi yathi, “Iimpawu zetyuwa zeLake Balkhash zazikhe zaba yintloko yethu enkulu, kodwa ngoku ziyinzuzo kulawulo lwesayensi—ngokulawula ngokuchanekileyo i-EC, sidala iindawo ezifanelekileyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentlanzi kunye namanqanaba okukhula.” Eli tyala linika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nokufuywa kweentlanzi kumachibi afanayo, ingakumbi lawo ane-gradients yetyuwa okanye ukuguquguquka kwetyuwa ngexesha lonyaka.
Singabonelela ngezisombululo ezahlukeneyo
1. Imitha ephathwayo yomgangatho wamanzi weparameter ezininzi
2. Inkqubo ye-Floating Buoy yomgangatho wamanzi we-multi-parameter
3. Ibrashi yokucoca ngokuzenzekelayo yesixhobo sokuvavanya amanzi esineeparameter ezininzi
4. Iseti epheleleyo yeeseva kunye nemodyuli engenazingcingo yesoftware, ixhasa i-RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
Ukuze ufumane ezinye izixhobo zokuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi ulwazi,
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Ixesha leposi: Julayi-04-2025