Njengelizwe eliphambili kuMbindi weAsia, iKazakhstan inobutyebi bamanzi amaninzi kunye namandla amakhulu ophuhliso lwaselwandle. Ngokuqhubela phambili kobugcisa behlabathi jikelele kunye nokutshintshela kwiinkqubo ezikrelekrele, ubugcisa bokuhlola ubulunga bamanzi buya kusetyenziswa ngokwandayo kwicandelo lelizwe lasemanzini. Eli nqaku liphonononga ngokucwangcisiweyo iimeko ezithile zesicelo se-electrical conductivity (EC) sensors kwi-aquaculture industry yaseKazakhstan, ukuhlalutya imigaqo yabo yobugcisa, iziphumo ezisebenzayo, kunye neendlela zophuhliso lwexesha elizayo. Ngokuphonononga iimeko eziqhelekileyo ezifana nokufuya i-sturgeon kuLwandle lweCaspian, iindawo zokuqandusela iintlanzi eLake Balkhash, kunye neenkqubo zokujikeleza emanzini kummandla we-Almaty, eli phepha libonisa indlela i-EC sensors inceda ngayo amafama asekuhlaleni ukujongana nemingeni yokulawula umgangatho wamanzi, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezolimo, kunye nokunciphisa ingozi yokusingqongileyo. Ukongezelela, eli nqaku lixubusha imingeni iKazakhstan ejongene nayo kwinguqu yengqondo ye-aquaculture kunye nezisombululo ezinokuthi zibe khona, zibonelela ngeereferensi ezibalulekileyo zokuphuhliswa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini kwezinye iingingqi ezifanayo.
Amagqabantshintshi ngoShishino lwaseKazakhstan lweAquaculture kunye neeMfuno zokuJonga uMgangatho waManzi
Njengelona lizwe likhulu elivaliweyo emhlabeni, iKazakhstan inemithombo yamanzi atyebileyo, kuquka nemithombo yamanzi emikhulu efana noLwandle lweCaspian, iLake Balkhash, neLake Zaysan, kunye nemilambo emininzi, ebonelela ngeemeko ezizodwa zendalo zophuhliso lwaselwandle. Ishishini lelizwe lasemanzini libonise ukukhula okuthe gqolo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye neentlobo eziphambili zokulima ezibandakanya i-carp, i-sturgeon, i-rainbow trout, kunye ne-sturgeon yase-Siberia. Ukulima kwe-sturgeon kummandla weCaspian, ngokukodwa, kuye kwatsala ingqalelo enkulu ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lemveliso ye-caviar. Nangona kunjalo, ishishini leaquaculture yaseKazakhstan likwajongene nemingeni emininzi, efana nokuguquguquka okubalulekileyo komgangatho wamanzi, iindlela zokufama ezibuyela umva, kunye neempembelelo zemozulu egqithileyo, zonke ezithintela uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lweshishini.
Kwiindawo zasemanzini zaseKazakhstan, ukuhanjiswa kombane (EC), njengeparamitha ebalulekileyo yomgangatho wamanzi, ibambe ukubaluleka kokuhlola okukhethekileyo. I-EC ibonisa ukuxinwa okupheleleyo kweeyoni zetyuwa ezinyibilikileyo emanzini, ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo i-osmoregulation kunye nemisebenzi ye-physiological yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Amaxabiso e-EC ahluka kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamanzi e-Kazakhstan: uLwandle lweCaspian, njengechibi lamanzi etyuwa, linamaxabiso aphezulu e-EC (malunga ne-13,000-15,000 μS/cm); Ummandla osentshona weLake Balkhash, ingamanzi acocekileyo, unamaxabiso aphantsi eEC (malunga ne-300–500 μS/cm), ngelixa ummandla wayo osempuma, uswele indawo yokuphuma, ubonisa ubutyuwa obuphezulu (malunga ne-5,000–6,000 μS/cm). Amachibi eAlpine afana neLake Zaysan abonisa amanani aguqukayo ngakumbi e-EC. Ezi meko zintsonkothileyo zomgangatho wamanzi zenza ukubeka iliso kwe-EC kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-aquaculture eyimpumelelo eKazakhstan.
Ngokwemveli, amafama aseKazakh athembele kumava okuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi, esebenzisa iindlela ezizimeleyo ezifana nokujonga umbala wamanzi kunye nokuziphatha kweentlanzi kulawulo. Le ndlela yokusebenzela ayizange iphelele nje ekubeni ibe ngqongqo ngokwenzululwazi kodwa yenza kwanzima ukubona imiba yomgangatho wamanzi enokubakho ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo edla ngokukhokelela ekufeni kweentlanzi ezinkulu kunye nelahleko yezoqoqosho. Njengoko izikali zokufama zisanda kwaye amanqanaba ogxininiso enyuka, imfuno yokuhlolwa okuchanekileyo komgangatho wamanzi iye yangxamiseka ngakumbi. Ukuqaliswa kweteknoloji ye-sensor ye-EC ibonelele i-aquaculture ye-aquaculture yase-Kazakhstan ngesisombululo esithembekileyo, sexesha langempela, kunye nexabiso elisebenzayo lokujonga umgangatho wamanzi.
Kwimeko ethile yendalo esingqongileyo yaseKazakhstan, ukujongwa kweEC kubambe iimpembelelo ezibalulekileyo ezininzi. Okokuqala, ixabiso le-EC libonisa ngokuthe ngqo utshintsho lwetyuwa kumanzi, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ekulawuleni i-euryhaline fish (umz., i-sturgeon) kunye nentlanzi ye-stenohaline (umz., i-rainbow trout). Okwesibini, ukonyuka okungaqhelekanga kweEC kungabonakalisa ukungcoliseka kwamanzi, okufana nokukhutshelwa kwamanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso okanye ukubaleka kwezolimo okuthwala iityuwa kunye neeminerali. Ukongezelela, ixabiso le-EC lihambelana kakubi kunye namanqanaba e-oksijini achithwayo-amanzi aphezulu e-EC ngokuqhelekileyo ane-oksijini ephantsi echithweyo, ebeka ingozi ekusindeni kweentlanzi. Ke ngoko, ukujongwa okuqhubekayo kweEC kunceda amafama ahlengahlengise izicwangciso zolawulo ngokukhawuleza ukuthintela uxinzelelo kunye nokufa kwentlanzi.
Urhulumente waseKazakh usanda kuqonda ukubaluleka kokujongwa komgangatho wamanzi kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwe-aquaculture. Kwizicwangciso zakhe zesizwe zophuhliso lwezolimo, urhulumente sele eqalisile ukukhuthaza amashishini okufama ukuba asebenzise izixhobo ezikrelekrele zokubeka iliso kwaye abonelele ngenxenye yenkxaso-mali. Ngeli xesha, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zikhuthaza ubugcisa obuphezulu bokulima kunye nezixhobo eKazakhstan, ngakumbi ukukhawulezisa ukusetyenziswa kweenzwa ze-EC kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola umgangatho wamanzi elizweni. Le nkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nentshayelelo yetekhnoloji idale iimeko ezilungele ukwenziwa kweshishini laseKazakhstan lokufuya emanzini.
IMigaqo yoBugcisa kunye naMalungu eNkqubo yoMgangatho waManzi we-EC Sensors
Iinzwa ze-electric conductivity (EC) zizinto ezingundoqo zeenkqubo zanamhlanje zokujonga umgangatho wamanzi, ezisebenza ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo echanekileyo yomthamo wokuqhuba isisombululo. Kwizicelo ze-aquaculture yase-Kazakhstan, ii-sensor ze-EC zivavanya i-solid dissolved solids (TDS) kunye namanqanaba etyuwa ngokufumanisa iimpawu ze-ion emanzini, ezinikezela ngenkxaso yedatha ebalulekileyo yokulawula ukulima. Ukususela kumbono wezobugcisa, ii-sensors ze-EC zixhomekeke ngokukodwa kwimigaqo ye-electrochemical: xa i-electrode ezimbini zicwiliswa emanzini kwaye i-voltage eguqukayo isetyenzisiweyo, i-ion echithweyo ihambisa i-directionally ukuze yenze umbane, kwaye inzwa ibala ixabiso le-EC ngokulinganisa obu bunzima bangoku. Ukuze ugweme iimpazamo zokulinganisa ezibangelwa i-electrode polarization, ii-sensor ze-EC zanamhlanje ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa imithombo yokuvuselela i-AC kunye neendlela zokulinganisa i-high-frequency measurement ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwedatha kunye nokuzinza.
Ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo senzwa, i-aquaculture EC sensors iqulethwe yinto yokuva kunye nemodyuli yokucwangcisa umqondiso. Into yokuva isoloko yenziwe nge-titanium enganyangekiyo kwi-corrosion okanye i-electrode yeplatinam, ekwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo kumanzi okulima ixesha elide. Imodyuli yokusetyenzwa komqondiso ikhulisa, izihluzi, kwaye iguqule iimpawu zombane ezibuthathaka zibe ziziphumo eziqhelekileyo. Izivamvo ze-EC eziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiifama zaseKazakh zihlala zisebenzisa uyilo lwe-electrode ezine, apho ii-electrode ezimbini zisebenzisa umsinga ongaguqukiyo kunye nezinye imilinganiselo emibini umahluko wombane. Olu luyilo luphelisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuphazamiseka kwi-electrode polarization kunye ne-interfacial potential, iphucula kakhulu ukuchaneka komlinganiselo, ngakumbi kwiindawo zokulima ezinokwahluka okukhulu kwetyuwa.
Imbuyekezo yobushushu yinto ebalulekileyo yobugcisa beenzwa ze-EC, njengoko ixabiso le-EC lichaphazeleka kakhulu ngubushushu bamanzi. Abenzi boluvo be-EC banamhlanje ngokuqhelekileyo babonisa iiprobes ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezichanekileyo ezibuyisela ngokuzenzekelayo imilinganiselo kumaxabiso alinganayo kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo (ngokuqhelekileyo i-25 ° C) ngokusebenzisa i-algorithms, iqinisekisa ukuthelekisa idatha. Ngenxa yendawo engaphakathi kwelizwe laseKazakhstan, umahluko omkhulu wobushushu bemini, kunye nokutshintsha kobushushu bonyaka, lo msebenzi wembuyekezo yobushushu obuzenzekelayo ubaluleke kakhulu. I-Industrial EC transmitters evela kubavelisi abafana neShandong Renke ikwabonelela ngokutshintsha ngesandla kunye nokuzenzekelayo kwimbuyekezo yobushushu, evumela ukulungelelaniswa okuguquguqukayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokulima eKazakhstan.
Ukususela kumbono wokudibanisa inkqubo, i-EC sensors kwiifama zaseKazakh zasemanzini zihlala zisebenza njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokuhlola umgangatho wamanzi amaninzi. Ngaphandle kwe-EC, ezo nkqubo zidibanisa imisebenzi yokubeka iliso kwiiparamitha ezibalulekileyo zomgangatho wamanzi njengeoksijini enyibilikileyo (DO), i-pH, amandla okunciphisa i-oxidation (ORP), i-turbidity, kunye ne-ammonia nitrogen. Idata evela kuluvo olwahlukeneyo ihanjiswa ngebhasi ye-CAN okanye itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano engenazingcingo (umzekelo, iTurMass, GSM) kumlawuli ophakathi kwaye emva koko ifakwe kwiqonga lelifu lokuhlalutya kunye nokugcinwa. Izisombululo ze-IoT ezivela kwiinkampani ezifana ne-Weihai Jingxun Changtong zenza ukuba amafama ajonge idatha yomgangatho wamanzi ngexesha lokwenyani nge-apps ze-smartphone kwaye afumane izilumkiso zeeparamitha ezingaqhelekanga, ukuphucula kakhulu ulawulo olusebenzayo.
Itheyibhile: IiParameters zobuGcisa obuqhelekileyo be-Aquaculture EC Sensors
| Uluhlu lweParameter | IiNgcaciso zobuGcisa | Iingqwalasela kwizicelo zeKazakhstan |
|---|---|---|
| Uluhlu loMlinganiso | 0–20,000 μS/cm | Kufuneka igqume amanzi ahlaziyekileyo kuluhlu lwamanzi ebrackish |
| Ukuchaneka | ±1% FS | Ukwanelisa iimfuno ezisisiseko zolawulo lokufama |
| Uluhlu lobushushu | 0–60°C | Iqhelana nemozulu yelizwekazi |
| Umgangatho woKhuseleko | IP68 | Ukungangeni kwamanzi kunye nothuli ukuze kusetyenziswe ngaphandle |
| INxibelelwano yoNxibelelwano | RS485/4-20mA/wireless | Iququzelela ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwedatha |
| Izinto ze-Electrode | I-Titanium / iplatinam | Imelana nomhlwa ixesha elide lokuphila |
Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo zaseKazakhstan, iindlela zokufakela i-EC sensor nazo zihlukile. Kwiifama ezinkulu zangaphandle, izinzwa zihlala zifakelwa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezisekelwe kwi-buoy okanye ezisisigxina zokuqinisekisa iindawo zokulinganisa ummeli. Kwimizi-mveliso ye-aquaculture systems (RAS), ukufakwa kwemibhobho kuxhaphakile, kubeka iliso ngokuthe ngqo utshintsho lomgangatho wamanzi ngaphambi nasemva konyango. Iimonitha ze-intanethi ze-EC ezivela kwi-Gandon Technology nazo zibonelela ngeendlela zofakelo lokuhamba, ezilungele iimeko zokulima ezixinana kakhulu ezifuna ukujongwa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo. Ngenxa yokubanda kakhulu ebusika kwezinye iingingqi zaseKazakh, izinzwa eziphezulu ze-EC zixhotyiswe ngoyilo oluchasene nomkhenkce ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kumaqondo aphantsi.
Ukugcinwa kwenzwa ngundoqo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthembeka kwexesha elide lokubeka iliso. Ucelomngeni oluxhaphakileyo olujongene neefama zaseKazakh kukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo—ukukhula kolwelwe, iibhaktheriya, kunye nezinye iintsholongwane ezikwindawo yoluvo, nto leyo echaphazela ukuchaneka komlinganiselo. Ukujongana nale nto, iisensom ze-EC zanamhlanje zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuyila, ezifana neenkqubo zokuzicoca zikaShandong Renke kunye netekhnoloji yokulinganisa i-fluorescence, ukunciphisa kakhulu ukugcinwa rhoqo. Kwizinzwa ezingenamsebenzi wokuzicoca, ezikhethekileyo "iinqwelo zokuzicoca" ezixhotyiswe ngeebrashi zoomatshini okanye ukucocwa kwe-ultrasonic kunokucoca ngezikhathi ezithile iindawo ze-electrode. Ezi nkqubela phambili zetekhnoloji zenza ukuba abenzi boluvo be-EC basebenze ngokuzinzileyo nakwiindawo ezikude zaseKazakhstan, ukunciphisa ungenelelo lwezandla.
Ngenkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji ye-IoT kunye ne-AI, izinzwa ze-EC zivela kwizixhobo zokulinganisa nje ukuya kwiindawo zokuthatha izigqibo ezikrelekrele. Umzekelo ophawulekayo yi-eKoral, inkqubo ephuhliswe yi-Haobo International, engagcini nje ngokubeka iliso kwiiparamitha zomgangatho wamanzi kodwa iphinda isebenzise i-algorithms yokufunda koomatshini ukuqikelela iintsingiselo kunye nokulungelelanisa ngokuzenzekelayo izixhobo zokugcina iimeko zokulima ezifanelekileyo. Olu tshintsho lukrelekrele lubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini laseKazakhstan lezolimo zasemanzini, ukunceda amafama asekuhlaleni ukuba anqobe izikhewu zamava obugcisa kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho wemveliso.
Ityala le-EC lokuJonga iSicelo kwiFama yaseCaspian Sea Sturgeon
Ummandla woLwandle lweCaspian, esinye sezona ndawo zibalulekileyo ze-aquaculture yaseKazakhstan, idume ngokufuya i-sturgeon ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye nemveliso ye-caviar. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukwanda kokuguquguquka kwetyuwa kuLwandle lweCaspian, okuhambisana nongcoliso lwemizi-mveliso, kuye kwabangela ucelomngeni olukhulu kulimo lweentyantyambo. Ifama enkulu ye-sturgeon kufuphi ne-Aktau ibe nguvulindlela ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo ye-sensor ye-EC, ukujongana ngempumelelo nolu tshintsho lwemo engqongileyo ngokubeka iliso ngexesha langempela kunye nohlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo, ibe ngumzekelo we-aquaculture yanamhlanje e-Kazakhstan.
Ifama ithatha malunga neehektare ezingama-50, isebenzisa inkqubo yokulima evaliweyo ikakhulu kwiintlobo zexabiso eliphezulu ezifana ne-Russian sturgeon kunye ne-stellate sturgeon. Phambi kokuba yamkele uhlolo lweEC, ifama yayixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwisampulu yezandla kunye nohlalutyo lwaselebhu, okubangele ulibaziseko olumandla lwedatha kunye nokungakwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho lobulunga bamanzi. Ngo-2019, ifama ibambisene neHaobo International ukuba isebenzise inkqubo yokuhlola umgangatho wamanzi e-IoT esekwe kwi-IoT, enezivamvo ze-EC njengezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezibekwe kwindawo eziphambili ezinje ngeendawo zokungena amanzi, amachibi okulima, kunye neendawo zokukhupha amanzi. Inkqubo isebenzisa ukuhanjiswa kwamacingo e-TurMass ukuthumela idatha yexesha langempela kwigumbi lokulawula eliphakathi kunye neefowuni zokusebenza zamafama, okwenza ukuba i-24/7 ibeke iliso elingaphazanyiswa.
Njengentlanzi ye-euryhaline, i-Caspian sturgeon iyakwazi ukuhambelana noluhlu lweenguqu zetyuwa, kodwa indawo yazo yokukhula ifuna amaxabiso e-EC phakathi kwe-12,000-14,000 μS/cm. Ukuphambuka kolu luhlu kubangela uxinzelelo lwe-physiological, oluchaphazela izinga lokukhula kunye nomgangatho we-caviar. Ngokubeka iliso okuqhubekayo kweEC, amagcisa asezifama afumanisa ukuguquguquka okubalulekileyo kwamaxesha onyaka ekungeneni kwamanzi anetyuwa: ngexesha lokunyibilika kwekhephu entlakohlaza, ukunyuka kokungena kwamanzi ahlaziyekileyo asuka kuMlambo iVolga neminye imilambo anciphisa amaxabiso eEC aselunxwemeni ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-10,000 μS/cm, ngeli lixa ukuphuphuma komphunga okunzulu ehlotyeni kunokunyusa amaxabiso eEC ngaphezulu kwe-16,000 μS/cm. Oku kuguquguquka bekusoloko kungahoywa ngaphambili, kukhokelela ekukhuleni okungalinganiyo kwe sturgeon.
Itheyibhile: Uthelekiso lwe-EC yokuBeka iliso kwiZiphumo zeSicelo kwiFama yaseCaspian Sturgeon
| Metric | I-Pre-EC Sensors (2018) | I-Post-EC Sensors (2022) | Uphuculo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Umyinge wokuKhula kweSturgeon (g/usuku) | 3.2 | 4.1 | + 28% |
| Premium-Grade Caviar Yield | 65% | 82% | +17 ipesenti yeepesenti |
| Ukusweleka ngenxa yeMiba yobulunga baManzi | 12% | 4% | -8 ekhulwini amanqaku |
| Umyinge woGuqulo lwesondlo | 1.8:1 | 1.5:1 | I-17% yenzuzo yokusebenza kakuhle |
| Iimvavanyo zaManzi ngesandla ngeNyanga nganye | 60 | 15 | -75% |
Ngokusekwe kulwazi lwexesha lokwenyani lweEC, ifama iphumeze imilinganiselo yohlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo. Xa ixabiso le-EC liwela ngaphantsi koluhlu olufanelekileyo, inkqubo yanciphisa ngokuzenzekelayo ukungena kwamanzi ahlambulukileyo kwaye isebenze ukujikeleza kwakhona ukunyusa ixesha lokugcinwa kwamanzi. Xa amaxabiso eEC ayephezulu kakhulu, yonyusa ukongeza kwamanzi ahlaziyekileyo kunye nokuphucula umoya. Olu hlengahlengiso, ngaphambili olusekwe kwisigwebo sobungqina, ngoku lunenkxaso yedatha yesayensi, ukuphucula ixesha kunye nobukhulu bohlengahlengiso. Ngokweengxelo zeefama, emva kokwamkelwa kwe-EC iliso, izinga lokukhula kwe-sturgeon linyuke nge-28%, izivuno ze-premium caviar zenyuka ukusuka kwi-65% ukuya kwi-82%, kunye nokufa ngenxa yemiba yomgangatho wamanzi yehla ukusuka kwi-12% ukuya kwi-4%.
Ukujongwa kwe-EC nako kudlale indima ebalulekileyo ekulumkiseni ungcoliseko kwangethuba. Ehlotyeni ngo-2021, abenzi boluvo be-EC bachonge i-spikes engaqhelekanga kumaxabiso e-EC echibini ngaphaya kokuguquguquka okuqhelekileyo. Ngokukhawuleza le nkqubo yakhupha isilumkiso, yaye amagcisa akhawuleza afumanisa ukuvuza kwamanzi amdaka kumzi-mveliso okufutshane. Ngenxa yokufunyaniswa kwangexesha, ifama yalibeka yodwa ichibi elichaphazelekayo yaza yasebenza iinkqubo zokucoca ezingxamisekileyo, ithintela ilahleko enkulu. Ukulandela esi siganeko, ii-arhente zokusingqongileyo zendawo ziye zasebenzisana nefama ukuseka uthungelwano lwesilumkiso somgangatho wamanzi wengingqi olusekwe kuhlolo lweEC, olubandakanya imimandla ebanzi yonxweme.
Ngokumalunga nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, inkqubo yokubeka iliso ye-EC yazisa iinzuzo ezibalulekileyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, ifama yayitshintshisa amanzi ngokugqithisileyo njengesilumkiso, imosha amandla amakhulu. Ngokujongwa okuchanekileyo kweEC, amagcisa aphucula amaqhinga otshintshiselwano ngamanzi, enze uhlengahlengiso kuphela xa kuyimfuneko. Idatha ibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla empompo kwefama kwehle nge-35%, konga malunga ne-25,000 yeedola ngonyaka kwiindleko zombane. Ukongeza, ngenxa yeemeko ezizinzileyo zamanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-sturgeon feed kuye kwaphucuka, kuthotywa iindleko zesondlo malunga ne-15%.
Esi sifundo sikwajongene nemingeni yobugcisa. Imekobume yolwandle lweCaspian enetyuwa eninzi ifuna ukuqina koluvo olugqithisileyo, kunye nee-electrode zoluvo lokuqala eziye zabola kwisithuba seenyanga. Emva kophuculo kusetyenziswa i-electrode ekhethekileyo ye-titanium alloy kunye nezindlu ezikhuselweyo eziphuculweyo, ixesha lokuphila landiswa ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu. Omnye umceli mngeni yayiyiqhwa ebusika, eyayichaphazela ukusebenza kwenzwa. Isisombululo sasibandakanya ukufakela izifudumezi ezincinci kunye ne-anti-ice buoys kwiindawo eziphambili zokubeka iliso ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza konyaka wonke.
Esi sicelo sokubekwa kweliso kweEC sibonisa indlela iteknoloji entsha enokuziguqula ngayo iindlela zokulima ngokwemveli. Umphathi wefama wathi, “Sasisebenza ebumnyameni, kodwa ngedatha ye-EC yexesha lokwenene, kufana nokuba ‘namehlo angaphantsi kwamanzi’—sinokuqonda ngokwenene size siyilawule imekobume yesturgeon.” Impumelelo yeli tyala itsale ingqalelo kwamanye amashishini aseKazakh okulima, ukukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwenzwa ye-EC kwilizwe lonke. Ngo-2023, uMphathiswa wezoLimo waseKazakhstan waze waphuhlisa imigangatho yoshishino lokuhlola umgangatho wamanzi e-aquaculture ngokusekwe kule meko, efuna ukuba iifama eziphakathi nezinkulu zifakele izixhobo zokubeka iliso ze-EC ezisisiseko.
IiNdlela zokuLawula ubutyuwa kwiLake Balkhash Fish Hatchery
IChibi iBalkhash, indawo enamanzi abalulekileyo kumzantsi-mpuma weKazakhstan, ibonelela ngemekobume efanelekileyo yokufuya iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlanzi ezirhwebayo ngenxa yemekobume yayo ekhethekileyo yebrackish. Nangona kunjalo, inkalo eyahlukileyo yechibi ngumahluko omkhulu wetyuwa phakathi kwempuma nentshona-ummandla osentshona, wondliwe nguMlambo Ili kunye neminye imithombo yamanzi ahlambulukileyo, unetyuwa ephantsi (EC ≈ 300-500 μS / cm), ngelixa ummandla osempuma, ongenalo i-outlet, uqokelela ityuwa (EC ≈ 0μ0μ0 / 0,0 cm). Oku kuthambeka kwetyuwa kubangela imingeni ekhethekileyo kwiindawo zokuqandusela iintlanzi, nto leyo ekhuthaza amashishini okulima asekuhlaleni ukuba ahlole usetyenziso olutsha lwe-EC sensor technology.
Indawo yokuqandusela iintlanzi i-“Aksu”, ekunxweme olusentshona lweLake Balkhash, sesona siseko sikhulu semveliso yesiqhotyozwayo kulo mmandla, ivelisa ikakhulu iintlobo zamanzi acwengileyo afana nekhaphu, isilivere yecarp, kunye nekhaphu enkulu, ngelixa ikwavavanya iintlanzi ezikhethekileyo ezinebrackish. Iindlela zesiNtu zokuqandusela zijongene namazinga angazinzanga okuqandusela, ngakumbi ngexesha lokunyibilika kwekhephu entlakohlaza xa amanzi omlambo i-Ili River ahamba kakhulu abangela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwe-EC (200–800 μS/cm), kube nefuthe elibi kuphuhliso lweqanda kunye nokuphila kokuqhotsa. Ngo-2022, i-hatchery yazisa inkqubo yokulawula ityuwa ezenzekelayo esekwe kwiinzwa ze-EC, ngokusisiseko iguqula le meko.
Undoqo wale nkqubo usebenzisa iitransmitha ze-EC ze-Shandong Renke, ezinoluhlu olubanzi lwe-0–20,000 μS/cm kunye ne-±1% yokuchaneka okuphezulu, ngokukodwa ilungele imeko-bume yetyuwa eguquguqukayo yeLake Balkhash. Inethiwekhi ye-sensor isetyenziswe kwiindawo eziphambili ezifana nemijelo yokungena, iitanki ze-incubation, kunye neendawo zokugcina amanzi, ukuhambisa idatha ngebhasi ye-CAN ukuya kumlawuli ophakathi odityaniswe nezixhobo zokuxuba amanzi ahlambulukileyo / amachibi okulungelelaniswa kwexesha langempela letyuwa. Inkqubo iphinda idibanise ubushushu, ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo, kunye nolunye ujongo lweparameter, ibonelela ngenkxaso yedatha ebanzi yolawulo lwe-hatchery.
Ufukamo lweqanda lentlanzi lunovakalelo kakhulu kutshintsho lwetyuwa. Umzekelo, amaqanda e-carp aqandusela kakuhle kuluhlu lwe-EC lwe-300-400 μS/cm, ngokutenxa okubangela ukuncitshiswa kwamazinga okuqandusela kunye namazinga aphezulu okukhubazeka. Ngokubeka iliso okuqhubekayo kweEC, amagcisa afumanise ukuba iindlela zemveli zivumela itenki yokufukamela eyiyeyona iguquguqukayo yeEC engaphaya kakhulu bekulindelwe, ingakumbi ngexesha lotshintshiselwano lwamanzi, kunye notshintsho ukuya kuthi ga kwi-±150 μS/cm. Inkqubo entsha ifezekiswe ±10 μS/cm yokuchaneka kolungelelwaniso, inyusa amazinga okuqandusela ukusuka kuma-65% ukuya kuma-88% kunye nokunciphisa iziphene ukusuka kwi-12% ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-4%. Olu phuculo lonyuse kakhulu imveliso yefry kunye nembuyekezo yezoqoqosho.
Ngexesha lokukhuliswa kwe-fry, uhlolo lwe-EC lubonakalise ukuxabiseka ngokulinganayo. Indawo yokuqandusela isebenzisa ukulungelelaniswa kwetyuwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukulungiselela ukukhululwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeLake Balkhash. Ukusebenzisa inethiwekhi ye-sensor ye-EC, abachwephesha balawula ngokuchanekileyo i-gradients ye-salinity kuwo wonke amachibi okukhulisa, ukuguquka ukusuka kumanzi acocekileyo (EC ≈ 300 μS / cm) ukuya kumanzi amdaka (EC ≈ 3,000 μS / cm). Oku kuchaneka kuchanekileyo kuphucule amazinga okuphila okuqhotsiweyo ngama-30-40%, ngakumbi kwiibhetshi ezisingelwe kwimimandla esempuma enetyuwa ephezulu.
Idatha yokubeka iliso ye-EC nayo yanceda ekuphuculeni impumelelo yobutyebi bamanzi. Ummandla weLake Balkhash ujongene nokunqongophala kwamanzi okukhulayo, kwaye iindawo zokuqandusela zemveli zixhomekeke kakhulu kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba ukulungisa ityuwa, nto leyo ebiza imali eninzi kwaye ingazinzanga. Ngokuhlalutya idatha ye-sensor ye-EC yembali, amagcisa aphuhlise imodeli yokuxuba amanzi echibi-aphantsi komhlaba, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngama-60% ngelixa behlangabezana neemfuno zokuqandusela, ukonga malunga ne-12,000 yeedola ngonyaka. Esi senzo sakhuthazwa zii-arhente zendawo zokusingqongileyo njengomzekelo wokongiwa kwamanzi.
Ukusetyenziswa okutsha kule meko kukudibanisa ukubeka iliso kwe-EC neenkcukacha zemozulu ukuze kwakhiwe imifuziselo eqikelelweyo. Ingingqi yeLake Balkhash ihlala ifumana imvula enkulu kunye nokunyibilika kwekhephu entlakohlaza, okubangela ukuqukuqela kwe-Ili River ngequbuliso okuchaphazela ukuqandusela inlet salinity. Ngokudibanisa idatha yenethiwekhi ye-sensor ye-EC kunye noqikelelo lwemozulu, inkqubo iqikelela i-inlet EC utshintsho kwiiyure ezingama-24-48 kwangaphambili, ukulungelelanisa ngokuzenzekelayo ulungelelwaniso lokuxuba ummiselo osebenzayo. Lo msebenzi ubonakale ubalulekile ngentlakohlaza ka-2023, kugcinwe amazinga okuqandusela ngaphezulu kwe-85% ngelixa iindawo zokuqandusela ezikufutshane zehle ngaphantsi kwe-50%.
Iprojekthi iye yadibana nemingeni yokuziqhelanisa. Amanzi eLake Balkhash aqulethe i-carbonate ephezulu kunye ne-sulfate concentrations, ekhokelela ekulinganisweni kwe-electrode ephazamisa ukuchaneka komlinganiselo. Isisombululo sasisebenzisa i-electrode ekhethekileyo yokulwa nokulinganisa kunye neendlela zokucoca ngokuzenzekelayo ezenza ukucoca ngoomatshini rhoqo kwiiyure ze-12. Ukongeza, iplankton eninzi echibini ibambelele kumphezulu woluvo, incitshiswe ngokunyuswa kweendawo zofakelo (ukuphepha iindawo ezine-biomass ephezulu) kunye nokongeza ukuvalwa kwe-UV.
Impumelelo ye-“Aksu” hatchery ibonisa indlela itekhnoloji ye-EC sensor enokujongana ngayo nemingeni ye-aquaculture kwiindawo ezizodwa zendalo. Intloko yeprojekthi yathi, "Iimpawu zetyuwa eLake Balkhash yayiyeyona ntloko yethu inkulu, kodwa ngoku iluncedo lolawulo lwesayensi-ngokulawula ngokuchanekileyo i-EC, sidala imeko-bume efanelekileyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentlanzi kunye nezigaba zokukhula." Eli tyala libonelela ngeembono ezixabisekileyo malunga nokufuya emanzini kumachibi afanayo, ngakumbi lawo anemithamo yetyuwa okanye ukuguquguquka kwetyuwa ngamaxesha onyaka.
Singakwazi nokubonelela ngezisombululo ezahlukeneyo
1. Imitha ephathwayo yomgangatho wamanzi we-multi-parameter
2. Inkqubo yeBuoy edadayo yomgangatho wamanzi aneparamitha ezininzi
3. Ibrashi yokucoca ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-multi-parameter sensor yamanzi
4. Iseti epheleleyo yeeseva kunye nemodyuli yesoftware engenazingcingo, ixhasa iRS485 GPRS / 4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
Ukufumana ngakumbi inzwa yomgangatho wamanzi ulwazi,
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Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-04-2025