ISaudi Arabia, indawo enamandla ehlabathi kunye noqoqosho olutshintsha ngokukhutheleyo phantsi kwephulo layo elithi "Vision 2030", igxininisa kakhulu kukhuseleko, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo ngaphakathi kwamacandelo ayo emizi-mveliso. Kule meko, izinzwa zegesi zisebenza njengetekhnoloji ebalulekileyo yokubeka esweni okusingqongileyo, ukuqinisekiswa kokhuseleko, kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo. Olu xwebhu lubonelela ngohlalutyo olunzulu lwamatyala okusetyenziswa kunye neemeko ezithile zezinzwa zegesi kumashishini aphambili eSaudi Arabia.
I. Izinto eziphambili ezibangela isicelo
- Ukhuseleko Kuqala: Amashishini amakhulu eoyile, igesi, kunye neekhemikhali zepetroli eSaudi Arabia aphatha ubungakanani obukhulu beegesi ezinokutsha, eziqhumayo, nezinobuthi. Ukuvuza kwegesi yeyona nto iphambili ebangela imililo, ukuqhuma, kunye nokutyhefwa kwabasebenzi. Ukubeka iliso elichanekileyo nelichanekileyo kwigesi ngexesha langempela yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuthintela iintlekele.
- Ukuthobela iMithetho yokusingqongileyo: Njengoko iSebe lezeNdalo, amanzi kunye nezoLimo laseSaudi (i-MEWA) ligxile kakhulu ekuzinzeni, liphumeze imigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha ukungcola. Izinzwa zegesi zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokujonga iigesi ezigcina ubushushu (umz., i-CH₄), ungcoliseko olunobuthi (umz., i-SO₂, i-NOx), kunye neeVolatile Organic Compounds (ii-VOC) ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho.
- Ukuphucula Inkqubo kunye noKhuseleko lweeAsethi: Kwiinkqubo zoshishino, ukuxinana kweegesi ezithile kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Ngaphezu koko, iigesi ezirhabaxa ezifana neHydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) zinokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwimibhobho nakwizixhobo. Ukubeka esweni ezi gesi kuphucula imveliso, kwandisa ubomi bempahla, kwaye kunciphisa iindleko zokulungisa.
- Impilo Yomsebenzi: Kwiindawo ezivalekileyo (umz., izixhobo zokumba, iitanki zokugcina, izityalo zamanzi amdaka), ukunqongophala kweoksijini okanye ukuqokelelwa kweegesi eziyingozi kuyingozi kubasebenzi. Izinzwa zegesi eziphathekayo nezizinzileyo zibonelela ngesilumkiso esibalulekileyo kwangethuba.
II. Iimeko eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kweShishini kunye nezifundo zeTyala
1. Ishishini leoyile negesi
Eli lelona candelo libanzi nelifuna kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuvanya igesi eSaudi Arabia.
- Ukuhlola kunye neMveliso ePhezulu:
- Imeko: Izixhobo zokumba, iingcango zemithombo, izikhululo zokuqokelela.
- Iigesi ezijongiweyo: Iigesi ezinokutsha (LEL – Umda ophantsi wokuqhuma), iHydrogen Sulfide (H₂S), iCarbon Monoxide (CO), iSulfur Dioxide (SO₂), iOxygen (O₂).
- Isifundo Setyala: Kwintsimi yeoyile yaseGhawar kwiPhondo laseMpuma, amawaka ee-fixed gas detectors afakelwe kwiindawo zomthombo kunye neendawo zokudibana kwepayipi, okwenza inethiwekhi yokujonga exineneyo. Ukuba ukuvuza kwe-methane (CH₄) kufunyenwe ngaphezulu komda omiselweyo (ngesiqhelo yi-20-25% LEL), inkqubo iqalisa ngoko nangoko ii-alamu ezivakalayo nezibonakalayo, ivule ngokuzenzekelayo inkqubo ye-Emergency Shutdown (ESD) ukuze ihlukanise ukuvuza, kwaye idlulisele idatha kwigumbi lolawulo eliphakathi ukuze kuphendulwe ngokukhawuleza. Ukubeka iliso kwi-H₂S enetyhefu kakhulu kufuna ukuchaneka okukhulu (ngokuqhelekileyo kumanqanaba e-ppm) ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi.
- Ukucocwa koMsinga oPhakathi kunye noPhantsi:
- Imeko: Iindawo zokucoca, izityalo zepetrochemical, imibhobho, iindawo zokugcina iitanki.
- Iigesi ezijongiweyo: Ukongeza kwezi zingasentla, iiVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) (umz., iBenzene, iToluene), iAmmonia (NH₃), kunye neChlorine (Cl₂) ziyajongwa.
- Isifundo Setyala: Ngaphakathi kweendawo ezinkulu zepetrochemical eJubail okanye eYanbu, iinkqubo zokubeka iliso kwigesi ezinamanqanaba amaninzi zisasazwa kwiindawo ezijikeleze ii-catalytic cracking kunye neeyunithi zokulungisa amanzi. Umzekelo, kwiifama zeetanki, ii-sensors ze-Open-Path Infrared (IR) zenza "ucingo lwe-elektroniki" olungabonakaliyo ukuze kubonwe ukukhutshwa kwe-VOC okusasazekayo, kuthintelwe imimoya eqhumayo kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo. Kwimida yesityalo, abahlalutyi be-SO₂ babonelela ngedatha yokukhutshwa okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo ye-MEWA.
2. Izixhobo zokusebenza kunye nokuVeliswa koMbane
- Imeko: Izikhululo zamandla (ingakumbi izixhobo ze-turbine yegesi), izitishi ezincinci, izikhululo zokucoca amanzi amdaka.
- Iigesi ezijongiweyo: Iigesi ezitshayo (CH₄), iHydrogen (H₂) (yokupholisa ijenereyitha), iOzone (O₃), iChlorine (Cl₂) (yokucoca amanzi), iHydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) (eveliswa kwimijelo yamanzi amdaka nakwiinkqubo zokunyanga).
- Isifundo Setyala: Kwisikhululo samandla esikhulu eRiyadh, ii-catalytic bead okanye ii-IR sensors zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukujonga ukuvuza kwe-methane kwiiholo ze-turbine nakwizikhululo zokulawula igesi yendalo. Okwangoku, kwiityhubhu zekhebula nakwii-basement, ii-fixed detectors zithintela ukuqhuma kwiigesi ezivuthayo eziveliswa kukushisa kakhulu kwezixhobo zombane. Kwisikhululo samanzi amdaka esikufutshane, abasebenzi kufuneka basebenzise ii-multi-gas portable detectors ukujonga amanqanaba akhuselekileyo e-O₂, LEL, H₂S, kunye ne-CO ngaphambi kokuba bangene kwiindawo ezivalekileyo ezifana neetanki ze-sedimentation, belandela ngokungqongqo iinkqubo zokungena.
3. Izakhiwo kunye neZiseko zoPhuhliso zasezidolophini
- Imeko: Iigaraji zokupaka, iitonela, iivenkile ezinkulu, iilebhu zesibhedlele.
- Iigesi ezijongiweyo: I-Carbon Monoxide (CO), ii-Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) (ngokuyintloko ezivela kumphunga wesithuthi).
- Isifundo Setyala: Kwiindawo zokupaka ezinkulu ezingaphantsi komhlaba eRiyadh okanye eJeddah, iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya zihlala ziqhagamshelwe ngee-sensors ze-CO. Xa ubuninzi bunyuka bufikelela kwinqanaba elimiselweyo (umz., i-50 ppm), ezi sensors zivula ngokuzenzekelayo iifeni zokukhupha umoya ukuze zingenise umoya omtsha de kubekho amanqanaba akhuselekileyo, zikhusela impilo yabathengi kunye nabasebenzi.
4. Imigodi kunye neNsimbi
- Imeko: Imigodi ye-phosphate, imigodi yegolide, abanyibilikisi.
- Iigesi Ezijongwayo: Ngaphandle kweegesi ezinobungozi nezitshayo eziqhelekileyo, iigesi ezithile ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana nePhosphine (PH₃) kunye neHydrogen Cyanide (HCN) zifuna ukujongwa.
- Isifundo seTyala: Kwisixeko semizi-mveliso saseWa'ad Al-Shamal phosphate, inkqubo yokuvelisa isichumiso inokuvelisa i-PH₃. Izinzwa ze-PH₃ ze-electrochemical okanye ze-semiconductor ezifakwe kwiindawo zokucubungula kunye neendawo zokugcina zibonelela ngokubona ukuvuza kwangethuba, zithintela ukuvezwa kwabasebenzi.
III. Iindlela zobuchwephesha kunye neMbono yexesha elizayo
Izicelo zokuvavanya igesi eSaudi Arabia ziyaguquka ziye kulwazi olukhulu kunye nokudibanisa:
- IoT kunye neDijithali: Iisensa ziyatshintsha ukusuka kwiiyunithi ze-alamu ezizimeleyo ukuya kwii-node zedatha ezidityanisiweyo. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obungenazingcingo obufana neLoRaWAN kunye ne-4G/5G, idatha idluliselwa ngexesha langempela ukuya kumaqonga e-cloud ukuze kujongwe kude, kuhlalutywe idatha enkulu, kwaye kugcinwe kwangaphambili.
- Uhlolo lwe-UAV kunye neRobotic: Kwiindawo ezinkulu okanye ezinobungozi (umz., imibhobho ekude, ii-stacks ezinde), ii-drones ezixhotyiswe ngee-sensors ezifana ne-laser methane detectors zenza uhlolo olusebenzayo nolukhuselekileyo, zikhawuleza zibone iindawo ezivuzayo.
- IiTekhnoloji zokuHlola eziPhambili: Iiteknoloji ezichanekileyo nezikhethiweyo ezifana neTunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) kunye nePhotoionization Detectors (PID for VOCs) ziyasetyenziswa ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI: Ii-algorithms ze-AI zinokuhlalutya iipateni zedatha ye-sensor ukwahlula iingozi zokwenyani kwii-alamu zobuxoki (umz., ii-alamu ezibangelwa yi-diesel exhaust) kwaye ziqikelele ukusilela kwezixhobo okanye iindlela zokuvuza.
Isiphelo
Phantsi kwe-“Vision 2030” yaseSaudi Arabia, eqhuba ukwahlukahlukana koqoqosho kunye nokuphuculwa kwemizi-mveliso, izixhobo zokuvavanya igesi ziye zaba ngabalindi ababalulekileyo bokhuseleko lwemizi-mveliso yayo ephambili kunye nokufezekiswa kophuhliso oluluhlaza noluzinzileyo. Ukususela kumasimi amakhulu eoyile ukuya kwizixeko zanamhlanje, ezi zixhobo zingabonakaliyo zisebenza iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, zikhusela abasebenzi, zikhusela okusingqongileyo, kwaye ziphucula imveliso. Zakha isiseko esibalulekileyo sekamva lemizi-mveliso yaseSaudi, kwaye usetyenziso lwazo ngokuqinisekileyo luya kuqhubeka lukhula ngokubanzi njengoko ubuchwepheshe butshintsha.
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Ixesha leposi: Sep-17-2025