Ukusetyenziswa kweIndiya kweNkqubo eDityanisiweyo yokuJonga iSilumkiso sakwaNgesi sesiKhukula – Ityala le-Himachal Pradesh

Abstract

I-Indiya lilizwe elihlala lichatshazelwa zizikhukula, ngakumbi kwimimandla ye-Himalayan emantla nakumantla-mpuma. Iindlela zokulawula iintlekele zemveli, zihlala zijolise ekuphenduleni emva kwentlekele, ziye zabangela umonakalo omkhulu kunye nokulahlekelwa kwezoqoqosho. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, urhulumente wase-India uye wakhuthaza ngamandla ukwamkelwa kwezisombululo ezikumgangatho ophezulu zokulumkisa kwangaphambili ngezikhukula. Olu pho nonongo, lugxininise kwi-Himachal Pradesh echaphazeleke kakhulu, iinkcukacha zesicelo, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nemingeni yeNkqubo yeSilumkiso yeFlash Flood edibeneyo (FFWS), edibanisa iimitha ze-radar flow meter, i-automatic rain gauges, kunye ne-displacement sensors.

1. Imvelaphi yeprojekthi kunye nesidingo

I-Topography ye-Himachal Pradesh ibonakala ngeentaba eziphakamileyo kunye neentlambo ezinzulu, kunye nenethiwekhi edibeneyo yemilambo. Ngexesha le-monsoon (ngoJuni-Septemba), iyancipha kakhulu kwixesha elifutshane, imvula ephezulu ebangelwa yi-monsoon esezantsi-ntshona, ekhokelela kwizikhukhula ezitshabalalisayo kunye nokudilika komhlaba. Intlekele yaseKedarnath ka-2013 e-Uttarakhand, eyabulala amawakawaka, yasebenza njengefowuni yokuvuka. Uthungelwano lwegeyiji yemvula eqhelekileyo lwalunqabile kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kwakushiywe lixesha, akukwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sokubekwa kweliso okuchanekileyo kunye nesilumkiso esikhawulezileyo sokuna kwemvula enkulu ngesiquphe, efumaneka ekuhlaleni.

Iimfuno eziphambili:

1. Ukubeka iliso ngexesha lokwenyani: Ukuqokelelwa kwedatha ngomzuzu yemvula kunye namanqanaba amanzi emilambo kwiindawo ezikude, ezingafikelelekiyo.
2. Uqikelelo Oluchanekileyo: Seka imifuziselo ethembekileyo yokuna kwemvula ukuqikelela ixesha lokufika kunye nesikali seencopho zeezandyondyo zemvula.
3. Uvavanyo loMngcipheko weGeological Hazard: Vavanya umngcipheko wokungazinzi kwethambeka kunye nokudilika komhlaba okubangelwa yimvula enkulu.
4. Isilumkiso esiKhawulezayo: Zisa ulwazi olulumkisayo ngaphandle komthungo kwabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni kunye noluntu ukuze kuthengwe ixesha elixabisekileyo lokufuduka.

2. Amacandelo eNkqubo kunye neSicelo seTekhnoloji

Ukujongana nezi mfuno, i-Himachal Pradesh isebenzisana neKomishoni yaManzi ePhakathi (CWC) kunye neSebe leMeteorological yaseIndiya (IMD) ukuhambisa i-FFWS ephucukileyo kwiindawo zayo ezinobungozi obukhulu (umz., i-Sutlej, i-Beas basin).

1. Izilinganisi zemvula ezizenzekelayo (ARGs)

• Umsebenzi: Njengawona macandelo aphambili kunye neyona yunithi ibalulekileyo yeemvakalelo, ii-ARG zinoxanduva lokuqokelela eyona datha ibalulekileyo: ubungakanani bemvula kunye neemvula eziqokelelweyo. Lo ngumba oqhuba ngokuthe ngqo emva kokwakheka kwezandyondyo zemvula.
• Iimpawu zobuGcisa: Ukusebenzisa i-bucket ye-bucket ye-tipping, bavelisa umqondiso kwi-0.5mm nganye okanye i-1mm yemvula, ukuhambisa idatha ngexesha langempela kwiziko lolawulo nge-GSM / GPRS okanye unxibelelwano lwe-satellite. Zibekwe ngobuchule kwindawo ephezulu, ephakathi, kunye nesezantsi kwiindawo zamanzi ukwenza uthungelwano oluxineneyo lokubeka iliso, lubambe ukuguquguquka kwendawo yemvula.
• Indima: Ukubonelela ngedatha yegalelo kubalo lwemodeli. Xa i-ARG irekhoda ubungakanani bemvula obungaphaya komlinganiselo obekiweyo (umzekelo, i-20 mm ngeyure), inkqubo iqalisa ngokuzenzekelayo isilumkiso.

2. UkuHamba kweRadar/Inqanaba leemitha ezingaQhagamshelwanga (Ii-Radar Water Level Sensors)

• Umsebenzi: Ufakwe kwiibhulorho okanye kwizakhiwo zebhanki, zilinganisa umgama ukuya kumphezulu womlambo ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano, ngaloo ndlela zibala inqanaba lexesha langempela lamanzi. Banika isilumkiso esithe ngqo xa amanqanaba amanzi edlula iimpawu zengozi.
• Iimpawu zobuGcisa:
  • I-advanteji: Ngokungafaniyo neesensonsi zemveli ezisekelwe kuqhagamshelwano, i-radar sensors azichatshazelwa yimpembelelo evela kwintlenga kunye nodoti othwalwa ngamanzi ezikhukula, ezifuna ukugcinwa okuncinci kunye nokubonelela ngokuthembeka okuphezulu.
  • Usetyenziso lweDatha: Idatha yomgangatho wamanzi ngexesha langempela, idityaniswe nedatha yemvula enyukayo, isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa kunye nokuqinisekisa iimodeli zamanzi. Ngokuhlalutya izinga lokunyuka komgangatho wamanzi, inkqubo inokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi incopho yezandyondyo kunye nexesha layo lokufika kwiindawo ezisezantsi.
• Indima: Nika ubungqina obubambekayo bokuba kuza isikhukula. Zingundoqo ekuqinisekiseni ukuqikelelwa kwemvula kunye nokuqalisa iimpendulo ezingxamisekileyo.

3. Ukufuduswa/IiSensori zokuNgqobhoza (Iimitha zokuHlaba kunye nee-Inclinometers)

• Umsebenzi: Ukubeka iliso kwithambeka elisemngciphekweni wokudilika komhlaba okanye ukugeleza kobutyobo ukwenzela ukufuduswa kunye nokuguqulwa. Zifakwe kwimizimba eyaziwayo yokudilika komhlaba okanye kumathambeka anomngcipheko omkhulu.
• Iimpawu zobuGcisa: Ezi zivamvo zilinganisa ukwanda kokuqhekeka komphezulu (iimitha zokuqhekeka) okanye intshukumo yomhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba (iinclinometers). Xa izinga lokufuduka lidlula umda okhuselekileyo, libonisa ukuhla ngokukhawuleza kozinzo lwe-slope kunye namathuba aphezulu e-slide enkulu phantsi kwemvula eqhubekayo.
• Indima: Ukubonelela ngovavanyo oluzimeleyo lomngcipheko wobungozi bejoloji. Nokuba imvula ayifikeleli kumanqanaba okulumkisa ngezikhukhula, isivamvo sokufuduswa esivuselelweyo siya kukhupha isilumkiso sokudilika komhlaba/ubutyobo kwindawo ethile, sisebenza njengesongezo esibalulekileyo kwizilumkiso ezimsulwa zezikhukula.

Udibaniso lweNkqubo kunye nokuhamba komsebenzi:
Idatha esuka kwii-ARGs, i-radar sensors, kunye ne-displacement sensors zidibana kwiqonga eliphakathi kwesilumkiso. Iimodeli ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ze-hydrological kunye ne-geological hazard yenza uhlalutyo oludibeneyo:

1. Idatha yemvula igalelo kwiimodeli ukuqikelela umthamo onokubakho wokubaleka kunye namanqanaba amanzi.
2. Idatha yomgangatho wamanzi we-radar yexesha langempela ithelekiswa ngokuchasene noqikelelo ngokuqhubekayo ukulungisa nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwemodeli.
3. Idatha yokufuduswa isebenza njengesalathisi esifanayo sokwenziwa kwezigqibo.
   Emva kokuba nayiphi na indibaniselwano yedatha idlula i-preset multi-level thresholds (I-Advisory, Watch, isilumkiso), inkqubo isasaza ngokuzenzekelayo izilumkiso kumagosa asekuhlaleni, amaqela okuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye neenkokheli zoluntu nge-SMS, ii-apps zeselula, kunye ne-sirens.

3. Iziphumo kunye neMpembelelo

• Ukwandiswa kwexesha leNkokheli: Inkqubo yonyuse amaxesha okulumkisa abalulekileyo ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwiiyure ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-3, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukufuduka kwabantu kwiilali ezisemngciphekweni omkhulu kube nokwenzeka.
• Ukunciphisa Ukulahlekelwa Kobomi: Ngexesha leziganeko ezininzi zeemvula ezinamandla kwiminyaka yamuva nje, u-Himachal Pradesh uye waqhuba ngempumelelo ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezininzi kwangaphambili, ukukhusela ngokufanelekileyo izingozi ezinkulu. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-monsoon ye-2022, isithili saseMandi sakhupha abantu abangaphezu kwe-2,000 ngokusekelwe kwizilumkiso; akukho bomi bulahlekileyo kwisikhukula esalandelayo.
• Ukwenziwa kweZigqibo eziqhutywa yiDatha: Kutshintshwe iparadigm ekuxhomekekeni kuvavanyo lwamava ukuya kulawulo lwentlekele lwenzululwazi kunye nenjongo.
• UKwandiswa koKwazisa koLuntu: Ubukho benkqubo kunye neemeko ezilumkiso eziyimpumelelo zikhulise kakhulu ulwazi loluntu kunye nokuthembela kulwazi olulumkiso kwangethuba.

4. Imingeni kunye nezikhokelo zexesha elizayo

• Ukugcinwa kunye neendleko: Ii-Sensors ezifakwe kwiindawo ezibuhlungu zifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka kwedatha kunye nokuchaneka, ukubeka umngeni oqhubekayo kumandla emali kunye nobugcisa bendawo.
• “Imayile yokugqibela” Unxibelelwano: Ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigidimi zesilumkiso zifikelela kumntu ngamnye kwilali esemagqagaleni, ingakumbi abantu abakhulileyo nabantwana, kufuna uphuculo olungakumbi (umzekelo, ukuthembela koonomathotholo, iintsimbi zasekuhlaleni, okanye iintsimbi njengenkxaso).
• UPhuculo lweModeli: Ijografi entsonkothileyo yaseIndiya ifuna ukuqokelelwa kwedatha rhoqo ukuze kwenziwe yasekhaya kunye nokwandisa iimodeli zokuqikelela ukuchaneka okuphuculweyo.
• Amandla kunye noQhagamshelwano: Unikezelo lwamandla oluzinzileyo kunye nenethiwekhi yeselula kwiindawo ezikude zihlala ziyingxaki. Ezinye izikhululo zithembele kumandla elanga kunye nonxibelelwano ngesathelayithi, nto leyo ebiza kakhulu.

Izalathiso zexesha elizayo: I-Indiya iceba ukudibanisa ubugcisa obungakumbi, obufana nemozulu yerada yemvula echanekileyo ngoku imvula, isebenzisa i-Artificial Intelligence (AI) kunye nokuFunda koMatshini ukuhlalutya idatha yembali ye-algorithms yesilumkiso esiphuculweyo, kunye nokwandisa ugutyulo lwenkqubo kwezinye iindawo ezixhaphakileyo zesikhukula.

Ukuqukumbela

Inkqubo yokulumkisa ngezikhukhula e-Himachal Pradesh, eIndiya, ngumzekelo wamazwe asakhulayo asebenzisa iteknoloji yanamhlanje ukulwa neentlekele zemvelo. Ngokudibanisa iigeji zemvula ezizenzekelayo, iimitha zokuhamba kwe-radar, kunye nezinzwa zokufuduka, inkqubo idala inethiwekhi yokubeka iliso enemigangatho emininzi ukusuka "esibhakabhakeni ukuya emhlabeni," eyenza ukuba i-paradigm itshintshe ukusuka kwimpendulo ye-passive ukuya kwisilumkiso esisebenzayo kwizikhukhula kunye neengozi zabo zesibini. Ngaphandle kwemiceli mngeni, ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo lale nkqubo ekukhuseleni ubomi kunye nepropathi inika imodeli eyimpumelelo, enokuphinda-phindwe kwiingingqi ezifanayo kwihlabathi jikelele.

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