Utshintsho oluqhutywa yimozulu kwiingeniso zamanzi acocekileyo lubonakalisiwe ukuba luchaphazela ulwakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi weenkqubo zendalo ezikunxweme. Sivavanye utshintsho kwimpembelelo yokugeleza kwamanzi emilanjeni kwiinkqubo zonxweme lwaseNorthwestern Patagonia (NWP) kwiminyaka yakutshanje (1993–2021) ngohlalutyo oludibeneyo lwexesha elide lokuhamba kwamanzi, ukulinganisa amanzi, idatha efunyenwe kwisathelayithi kunye nokuhlaziywa kwakhona kwiimeko zomphezulu wolwandle (ubushushu, ukudumba, kunye netyuwa). Ukuncipha okukhulu kokuhamba kwamanzi acocekileyo kwindawo egubungela izitya ezinkulu ezintandathu zemilambo kwabonakala kwizikali zeveki, zenyanga, nezexesha lonyaka. Olu tshintsho luye lwabonakala kakhulu kwizitya ezixutyiweyo ezisemantla (umz., uMlambo iPuelo) kodwa lubonakala ngathi luqhubekela emazantsi ukuya kwimilambo ephawulwa yi-nival regime. Kulwandle olungaphakathi olukufutshane olunezintlu ezimbini, ukungena kwamanzi acocekileyo okunciphileyo kuhambelana ne-halocline engaphantsi kunye nokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu omhlaba kulo lonke elaseMantla ePatagonia. Iziphumo zethu zigxininisa impembelelo eguquka ngokukhawuleza yemilambo kumanzi akufuphi e-estuarine kunye namanzi onxweme kwi-NWP. Sigxininisa imfuneko yokujonga, ukuqikelela, ukunciphisa kunye namaqhinga okulungelelanisa imeko-bume yemozulu etshintshayo, kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo lweendawo eziguquguqukayo zeenkqubo ezibonelela ngamanzi agelezayo kumanzi olwandle aselunxwemeni.
Imilambo yeyona mthombo uphambili wokungenisa amanzi acocekileyo elwandlekazi1. Kwiinkqubo zonxweme ezivalekileyo kancinci, imilambo ingumqhubi obalulekileyo weenkqubo zokujikeleza2 kunye nebhulorho phakathi kweendawo eziphilayo zasemhlabeni nezaselwandle, ukuthutha izondlo, izinto eziphilayo, kunye nenkunkuma eyongeza ezo zivela elunxwemeni naselwandle oluvulekileyo3. Izifundo zakutshanje zibike utshintsho kumthamo kunye nexesha lokungenisa amanzi acocekileyo elwandle elunxwemeni4. Uhlalutyo lothotho lwexesha kunye neemodeli zamanzi zibonisa iipatheni ezahlukeneyo zesithuba5, umzekelo, ukusuka ekwandeni okukhulu kokukhupha amanzi acocekileyo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo6—ngenxa yokwanda kokunyibilika komkhenkce—ukuya ekuncipheni kweendlela eziphakathi ngenxa yokwanda kwembalela yamanzi7. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na indlela kunye nobukhulu beendlela ezichazwe kutshanje, utshintsho lwemozulu luchongiwe njengomqhubi omkhulu weenkqubo zamanzi ezitshintshileyo8, ngelixa iimpembelelo kumanzi onxweme kunye neendawo eziphilayo ezixhasayo azikavavanywa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ziqondwe9. Utshintsho lwexeshana kwindlela amanzi ahamba ngayo, oluphenjelelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu (ukutshintsha kweendlela zokuna kwemvula kunye nokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu) kunye noxinzelelo oluvela kubantu olufana namadama ombane okanye iidama zokugcina amanzi10,11, ukuphambuka kokunkcenkceshela, kunye notshintsho lokusetyenziswa komhlaba12, lubangela umngeni ekuhlalutyeni iindlela zokungenisa amanzi acocekileyo13,14. Umzekelo, izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba iindawo ezineentlobo ngeentlobo zamahlathi zibonisa ukuqina okukhulu kwenkqubo yendalo ngexesha lembalela kunalezo zilawulwa zizityalo zamahlathi okanye ezolimo15,16. Kwiindawo eziphakathi, ukuqonda impembelelo yotshintsho lwemozulu kwixesha elizayo kulwandle oluselunxwemeni ngokuhlukanisa iziphumo zotshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuphazamiseka kwabantu basekuhlaleni kufuna ukujongwa kwiinkqubo zesalathiso ezinotshintsho oluncinci ukuze utshintsho kwindlela yamanzi lunokwahlulwa kwiingxaki zabantu basekuhlaleni.
I-Western Patagonia (> 41°S kunxweme lwePasifiki eMzantsi Melika) ivela njengenye yezi ndawo zigcinwe kakuhle, apho uphando oluqhubekayo lubalulekile ukujonga nokukhusela ezi ndawo. Kule ngingqi, imilambo ehamba ngokukhululekileyo idibana ne-geomorphology entsonkothileyo yonxweme ukuze ibumbe enye yezona ndawo zinkulu emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokuba kude kwayo, imilambo yasePatagonia ayikaphazanyiswa kakhulu, inehlathi elikhulu lendalo19, uxinano lwabantu oluphantsi, kwaye ngokubanzi ayinamadama, amachibi, kunye neziseko zokunkcenkceshela. Ubuthathaka bezi ndawo zingqongileyo zonxweme kutshintsho lokusingqongileyo buxhomekeke kakhulu, ngokubanzi, ekusebenzisaneni kwazo nemithombo yamanzi acocekileyo. Amanzi acocekileyo angena emanzini onxweme lwaseNorthwestern Patagonia (NWP; 41–46 ºS), kubandakanya imvula ethe ngqo kunye nokugeleza kwamanzi emilanjeni, adibana namanzi amaninzi olwandle, ingakumbi amanzi angaphantsi kolwandle anetyuwa eninzi (SAAW). Oku, ke, kuchaphazela iipatheni zokujikeleza kwegazi, ukuhlaziywa kwamanzi, kunye nokungenisa umoya20 ngokuvelisa ii-gradients ezinamandla zetyuwa, kunye notshintsho olukhulu lwexesha lonyaka kunye nokungafani kwendawo kwi-halocline21. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi mithombo zimbini zamanzi lukwachaphazela ukwakheka kweendawo ze-planktonic22, luchaphazela ukuncitshiswa kokukhanya23, kwaye lukhokelela ekuncipheni kwamanqanaba eNitrogen kunye nePhosphorus kwi-SAAW24 kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-orthosilicate ephuculweyo kumaleko womphezulu25,26. Ngaphezu koko, igalelo lamanzi acocekileyo liphumela kwi-gradient eqinileyo ye-oxygen enyibilikisiweyo (DO) kula manzi e-estuarine, kunye nomaleko ongaphezulu ngokubanzi ubonisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-DO (6–8 mL L−1)27.
Ungenelelo oluncinci oluchaza iindawo zasePatagonia zamazwekazi luchasene nokusetyenziswa kakhulu konxweme, ngakumbi ngumzi-mveliso wezolimo zasemanzini, icandelo eliphambili lezoqoqosho eChile. Okwangoku ibekwe phakathi kwabavelisi bezolimo zasemanzini abaphambili kwihlabathi, iChile yindawo yesibini ngobukhulu yokuthumela isalmon kunye netrout, kwaye ithumela iimbaza ezininzi. Ukufuywa kwesalmon kunye neembaza, okwangoku okuhlala malunga neendawo ezingama-2300 zokuvumela kunye nommandla opheleleyo we-ca. 24,000 ha kulo mmandla, kuvelisa ixabiso elikhulu kwezoqoqosho kumazantsi eChile. Olu phuhliso alunazo iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi kwimeko yokulima isalmon, umsebenzi onegalelo kwizondlo zangaphandle kwezi ndawo zendalo30. Ikwabonakalisiwe ukuba isengozini enkulu kutshintsho olunxulumene nemozulu31,32.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izifundo ezenziwe kwi-NWP zibike ukwehla kokufakwa kwamanzi acocekileyo33 kwaye ziqikelele ukwehla kokuhamba kwamanzi acocekileyo ngexesha lasehlotyeni nasekwindla34, kunye nokwandiswa kwexesha lembalela yamanzi acocekileyo35. Olu tshintsho kokufakwa kwamanzi acocekileyo luchaphazela iiparameter zokusingqongileyo ezikhawulezileyo kwaye lunefuthe elibi kwi-ecosystem dynamics ebanzi. Umzekelo, iimeko ezigqithisileyo emanzini angaphezulu konxweme ngexesha lembalela yasehlotyeni nasekwindla ziye zanda, kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ziye zachaphazela ishishini lezolimo lwamanzi acocekileyo nge-hypoxia36, ukwanda kwe-parasitism, kunye neentyatyambo eziyingozi ze-algal32,37,38 (HABs).
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izifundo ezenziwe kwi-NWP zibike ukwehla kokufakwa kwamanzi acocekileyo33 kwaye ziqikelele ukwehla kokuhamba kwamanzi acocekileyo ngexesha lasehlotyeni nasekwindla34, kunye nokwandiswa kwexesha lembalela yamanzi acocekileyo35. Olu tshintsho kokufakwa kwamanzi acocekileyo luchaphazela iiparameter zokusingqongileyo ezikhawulezileyo kwaye lunefuthe elibi kwi-ecosystem dynamics ebanzi. Umzekelo, iimeko ezigqithisileyo emanzini angaphezulu konxweme ngexesha lembalela yasehlotyeni nasekwindla ziye zanda, kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ziye zachaphazela ishishini lezolimo lwamanzi acocekileyo nge-hypoxia36, ukwanda kwe-parasitism, kunye neentyatyambo eziyingozi ze-algal32,37,38 (HABs).
Ulwazi lwangoku malunga nokwehla kokufakwa kwamanzi acocekileyo kwi-NWP lusekelwe kuhlalutyo lweemetrikhi zamanzi39, ezichaza iipropati zezibalo okanye eziguquguqukayo zoluhlu lwedatha ye-hydrologic oluvela kwinani elilinganiselweyo leerekhodi zexesha elide kunye nokugubungela okuncinci kwendawo. Ngokuphathelele iimeko ze-hydrographic ezihambelanayo emanzini e-NWP okanye ulwandle olusecaleni kolwandle, akukho rekhodi zifumanekayo zexesha elide. Ngenxa yokuba imisebenzi yezentlalo noqoqosho lolwandle isengozini kwiimpembelelo zotshintsho lwemozulu, ukwamkela indlela ebanzi yokujongana nomhlaba nolwandle kulawulo kunye nokuziqhelanisa notshintsho lwemozulu kubalulekile40. Ukujongana nalo mngeni, sidibanise imodeli ye-hydrological (1990–2020) kunye nedatha efunyenwe kwisathelayithi kunye nohlalutyo ngokutsha kwiimeko zomphezulu wolwandle (1993–2020). Le ndlela ineenjongo ezimbini eziphambili: (1) ukuvavanya iindlela zembali kwiimetrikhi zamanzi kwinqanaba lengingqi kunye (2) nokuhlola iziphumo zolu tshintsho kwinkqubo yonxweme ekufutshane, ngakumbi malunga netyuwa yomphezulu wolwandle, ubushushu, kunye nokufuma.
Singabonelela ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-smart sensors ukujonga i-hydrology kunye nomgangatho wamanzi, wamkelekile ukubonisana nathi.
Ixesha leposi: Septemba-18-2024