Ngokuchasene notshintsho oluqinisiweyo lwemozulu kwihlabathi liphela, ukujonga ngokuchanekileyo imvula kuye kwaba yinto ebaluleke ngakumbi ekulawuleni izikhukula kunye nokunciphisa imbalela, ulawulo lwemithombo yamanzi, kunye nophando lwemozulu. Izixhobo zokujonga imvula, njengesixhobo esisisiseko sokuqokelela idatha yemvula, ziye zavela kwiigeyiji zemvula zemveli ukuya kwiinkqubo zesensor ezikrelekrele ezidibanisa i-Intanethi yezinto kunye nobuchwepheshe bobuchwephesha bokwenziwa. Eli nqaku liza kwazisa ngokubanzi iimpawu zobugcisa kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kweegeyiji zemvula kunye neesensor zemvula, kwaye lihlalutye imeko yangoku yesicelo setekhnoloji yokujonga igesi yehlabathi. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo iya kuhlawulwa kwiindlela zophuhliso kwicandelo lokujonga igesi kumazwe afana neTshayina ne-United States, ibonise inkqubela yamva nje kunye neendlela zekamva zobuchwepheshe bokujonga imvula kubafundi.
Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye neempawu eziphambili zezixhobo zokujonga imvula
Imvula, njengekhonkco eliphambili kumjikelo wamanzi, ukulinganisa kwayo ngokuchanekileyo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqikeleleni imozulu, uphando lwamanzi kunye nezilumkiso zangaphambi kwexesha. Izixhobo zokujonga imvula, emva kwenkulungwane yophuhliso, zenze uluhlu olupheleleyo lobuchwephesha ukusuka kwizixhobo zemveli zoomatshini ukuya kwiisensa ezikrelekrele zobugcisa obuphezulu, ezihlangabezana neemfuno zokujonga kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Izixhobo zokujonga imvula eziphambili ngoku ziquka iigeyiji zemvula zemveli, iigeyiji zemvula zebhakethi ezithiphayo kunye neesensa zemvula ezisandula kuvela zepiezoelectric, njl. Ngayinye yazo ineempawu zayo kwaye ibonisa iimpawu ezicacileyo ezahlukileyo ngokubhekiselele ekuchanekeni, ukuthembeka kunye neendawo ezifanelekileyo.
Igeyiji yemvula yendabuko imele eyona ndlela iphambili yokulinganisa imvula. Uyilo lwayo lulula kodwa lusebenza kakuhle. Iigeyiji zemvula eziqhelekileyo zihlala zenziwe ngentsimbi engatyiwayo, enobubanzi obubamba amanzi obuyi-Ф200±0.6mm. Zinokulinganisa imvula ngamandla angama-≤4mm/min, ngesisombululo se-0.2mm (esihambelana ne-6.28ml yomthamo wamanzi). Phantsi kweemeko zovavanyo lwangaphakathi oluzinzileyo, ukuchaneka kwazo kunokufikelela kwi-±4%. Esi sixhobo soomatshini asifuni umbane wangaphandle kwaye sisebenza ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo ecocekileyo yomzimba. Sinokuthembeka okuphezulu kunye nokugcinwa okulula. Uyilo lwembonakalo yegeyiji yemvula nalo lucokisekile kakhulu. Indawo yokukhupha imvula yenziwe ngeshiti yentsimbi engatyiwayo ngokunyathela kunye nokuzoba iyonke, ngomgangatho ophezulu wobuthambileyo, obunokunciphisa ngempumelelo impazamo ebangelwa kukugcinwa kwamanzi. Iqamza lokulungisa elithe tye elibekwe ngaphakathi linceda abasebenzisi ukuba balungise izixhobo zibe kwimeko yokusebenza engcono. Nangona iigeyiji zemvula zemveli zinemida ngokubhekiselele kwi-automation kunye nokukhula okusebenzayo, igunya ledatha yabo yokulinganisa libenza babe zizixhobo ezisemgangathweni zamasebe emozulu kunye namanzi ukwenza uqwalaselo lweshishini kunye nokuthelekisa ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.
I-sensor ye-tipping bucket rain gauge ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu ekulinganiseni ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokukhupha idatha ngokusekelwe kwisilinda yesiqhelo ye-rain gauge. Olu hlobo lwe-sensor luguqula imvula ibe yisignali yombane ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-double tipping bucket eyilwe ngononophelo - xa enye yeebhakethi ifumana amanzi ukuya kwixabiso elimiselweyo (ngesiqhelo imvula eyi-0.1mm okanye eyi-0.2mm), iyajika yodwa ngenxa yomxhuzulane, kwaye kwangaxeshanye ivelisa isignali ye-pulse 710 ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-magnetic steel kunye ne-reed switch. I-FF-YL rain gauge sensor eyenziwe yiHebei Feimeng Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. ngummeli oqhelekileyo. Esi sixhobo samkela icandelo le-tipping bucket elenziwe ngokufaka i-injection molding yeplastiki yobunjineli. Inkqubo yenkxaso yenziwe kakuhle kwaye inomzuzu omncinci wokuxhathisa ukungqubana. Ke ngoko, inovelwano ekujikeni kwaye isebenza ngokuzinzileyo. I-tipping bucket rain gauge sensor inomgca olungileyo kunye nokukwazi okunamandla okulwa nokuphazamiseka. Ngaphezu koko, i-funnel yenzelwe imingxunya ye-mesh ukuthintela amagqabi kunye nezinye inkunkuma ukuba zingavimbi amanzi emvula ukuba angene, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukuthembeka kokusebenza kwiindawo zangaphandle. I-TE525MM series tipping bucket rain gauge yeCampbell Scientific Company e-United States iphucule ukuchaneka kokulinganisa kwebhakethi nganye ukuya kwi-0.1mm. Ngaphezu koko, impembelelo yomoya onamandla ekuchanekeni kokulinganisa ingancitshiswa ngokukhetha i-windscreen, okanye ujongano olungenazingcingo lunokuxhotyiswa ukufezekisa ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ekude 10.
I-sensor ye-piezoelectric rain gauge imele inqanaba eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe bokujonga imvula bangoku. Ilahla ngokupheleleyo iindawo ezihambayo zoomatshini kwaye isebenzisa ifilimu ye-PVDF piezoelectric njengesixhobo sokuva imvula. Ilinganisa imvula ngokuhlalutya isignali yamandla e-kinetic eveliswa yimpembelelo yamaconsi emvula. I-sensor yemvula ye-FT-Y1 piezoelectric eyenziwe yiShandong Fengtu Internet of Things Technology Co., Ltd. yimveliso eqhelekileyo yale teknoloji. Isebenzisa inethiwekhi ye-AI neural efakwe ngaphakathi ukwahlula imiqondiso yamaconsi emvula kwaye inokuthintela ngempumelelo izinto ezibangelwa kukuphazamiseka okufana nesanti, uthuli, kunye nokungcangcazela 25. Le sensor ineenzuzo ezininzi eziguqukayo: uyilo oludibeneyo olungenazo izinto eziveziweyo kunye nokukwazi ukucoca imiqondiso yokuphazamiseka kwendalo; Uluhlu lokulinganisa lubanzi (0-4mm/min), kwaye isisombululo siphezulu njenge-0.01mm. Ubuninzi besampulu bukhawuleza (<1 sec), kwaye inokujonga ixesha lemvula ngokuchanekileyo ukuya kwesesibini. Kwaye yamkela uyilo lomphezulu woqhagamshelwano olunemilo ye-arc, ayigcini amanzi emvula, kwaye ifezekisa ngokwenene ngaphandle kokugcinwa. Uluhlu lobushushu bokusebenza kwee-piezoelectric sensors lubanzi kakhulu (-40 ukuya kwi-85℃), kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla yi-0.12W kuphela. Unxibelelwano lwedatha lufezekiswa nge-RS485 interface kunye ne-MODBUS protocol, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kakhulu ekwakheni inethiwekhi yokujonga ekrelekrele esasazwe ngokubanzi.
Itheyibhile: Uthelekiso Lokusebenza Kwezixhobo Eziphambili Zokujonga Imvula
Uhlobo lwezixhobo, umgaqo wokusebenza, iingenelo kunye nokungalungi, ukuchaneka okuqhelekileyo, iimeko ezifanelekileyo
Igeyiji yemvula yendabuko iqokelela ngqo amanzi emvula ukuze ilinganiswe, inesakhiwo esilula, ukuthembeka okuphezulu, akukho mfuneko yokunikezelwa kombane kunye nokufunda ngesandla, kunye nomsebenzi omnye wezikhululo zereferensi zemozulu ze-±4% kunye neendawo zokujonga ngesandla.
Indlela yokulinganisa imvula yebhakethi yokujika ijika imvula ibe ziimpawu zombane ukuze ilinganiswe ngokuzenzekelayo. Idatha kulula ukuyidlulisela. Izixhobo zoomatshini zinokuguga kwaye zifune ukulungiswa rhoqo. ±3% (2mm/min imvula enamandla) isikhululo semozulu esizenzekelayo, iindawo zokujonga amanzi
I-sensor ye-piezoelectric rain gauge ivelisa imiqondiso yombane evela kumandla e-kinetic emvula ukuze ihlalutywe. Ayinazo iindawo ezihambayo, isisombululo esiphezulu, iindleko eziphezulu zokulwa nokuphazamiseka, kwaye ifuna i-algorithm yokucubungula imiqondiso ye-≤±4% kwi-meteorology yezithuthi, izitishi ezizenzekelayo ezikwintsimi, kunye nezixeko ezikrelekrele.
Ukongeza kwizixhobo zokujonga ezizinzileyo ezisekelwe emhlabeni, iteknoloji yokulinganisa imvula ikwaphuhlisa ukujonga okukude okusekelwe esibhakabhakeni kunye nomoya. I-radar yemvula esekwe emhlabeni iqikelela ubunzulu bemvula ngokukhupha amaza e-electromagnetic kunye nokuhlalutya ii-echoes ezisasazekileyo zamafu kunye nee-particles zemvula. Ingafezekisa ukujonga okuqhubekekayo okukhulu, kodwa ichaphazeleka kakhulu kukuvaleka komhlaba kunye nezakhiwo zasezidolophini. Iteknoloji yokujonga okukude yesathelayithi "iyayijonga" imvula yomhlaba ukusuka esibhakabhakeni. Phakathi kwazo, i-microwave remote sensing engasebenziyo isebenzisa ukuphazamiseka kwee-particles zemvula kwi-radiation yangasemva ukuze iguqulwe, ngelixa i-microwave remote sensing esebenzayo (njenge-DPR radar yesathelayithi ye-GPM) ikhupha ngokuthe ngqo imiqondiso kwaye ifumane ii-echoes, kwaye ibala ubunzulu bemvula 49 ngokusebenzisa ubudlelwane be-ZR (Z=aR^b). Nangona iteknoloji yokujonga okukude inogubungelo olubanzi, ukuchaneka kwayo kusaxhomekeke ekulinganisweni kwedatha ye-grain gauge yomhlaba. Umzekelo, uvavanyo olukwiLaoha River Basin eTshayina lubonisa ukuba ukuphambuka phakathi kwemveliso yesathelayithi yemvula engu-3B42V6 kunye nokujongwa komhlaba yi-21%, ngelixa ukuphambuka kwemveliso yexesha langempela engu-3B42RT kuphezulu njenge-81%.
Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo zokujonga imvula kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo izinto ezinje ngokuchaneka kokulinganisa, ukulungelelana nokusingqongileyo, iimfuno zolondolozo kunye neendleko. Iigeyiji zemvula zemveli zifanelekile njengezixhobo zokubhekisa ukuqinisekiswa kwedatha. Igeyiji yemvula yebhakethi yokujika ifikelela kumlinganiselo phakathi kweendleko kunye nokusebenza kwaye lulungelelwaniso oluqhelekileyo kwizikhululo zemozulu ezizenzekelayo. Izinzwa zePiezoelectric, ezinokulungelelana kwazo nokusingqongileyo okubalaseleyo kunye nenqanaba lobulumko, ziyandisa kancinci kancinci ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwicandelo lokujonga okukhethekileyo. Ngophuhliso lwe-Intanethi yezinto kunye neetekhnoloji zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, inethiwekhi yokujonga edibeneyo yetekhnoloji ezininzi iya kuba yindlela yexesha elizayo, ifezekise inkqubo yokujonga imvula ebanzi edibanisa amanqaku kunye nomphezulu kwaye idibanise umoya nomhlaba.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokujonga imvula
Idatha yemvula, njengepharamitha esisiseko yemozulu kunye neyamanzi, yandise amasimi ayo okusetyenziswa ukusuka ekuqwalaselweni kwemozulu yendabuko ukuya kwiinkalo ezininzi ezifana nolawulo lwezikhukula zasezidolophini, imveliso yezolimo, kunye nolawulo lwezithuthi, nto leyo eyenza indlela ebanzi yokusetyenziswa egubungela amashishini abalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Ngokuphucuka kwetekhnoloji yokubeka iliso kunye nokuphuculwa kwamandla okuhlalutya idatha, izixhobo zokubeka iliso kwimvula zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimeko ezininzi, zibonelela ngesiseko sesayensi kuluntu ukujongana notshintsho lwemozulu kunye nemingeni yemithombo yamanzi.
Ukubeka esweni imozulu kunye neemeko zamanzi kunye nesilumkiso sentlekele kwangethuba
Ukubeka iliso kwimozulu kunye ne-hydrological yeyona ndawo yesiqhelo nebalulekileyo yokusebenzisa izixhobo zemvula. Kwinethiwekhi yesizwe yokujonga imozulu, iigeyiji zemvula kunye neegeyiji zemvula ze-tipping bucket zenza iziseko zokuqokelela idatha yemvula. Ezi datha azizizo nje kuphela iiparameter ezibalulekileyo zokufaka uqikelelo lwemozulu, kodwa zikwayidatha esisiseko yophando lwemozulu. Inethiwekhi ye-MESO-scale rain gauge (MESONET) eyasekwa eMumbai ibonise ixabiso lenethiwekhi yokubeka iliso enoxinano olukhulu - ngokuhlalutya idatha yexesha lemvula ukususela ngo-2020 ukuya ku-2022, abaphandi babala ngempumelelo ukuba isantya esiphakathi sokuhamba kwemvula enkulu yayiyi-10.3-17.4 yeekhilomitha ngeyure, kwaye icala laliphakathi kwe-253-260 degrees. Ezi ziphumo zibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni imodeli yokuqikelela imvula yasezidolophini. E-China, "iSicwangciso se-14 seMinyaka emihlanu soPhuhliso lwe-Hydrological" sichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuphucula inethiwekhi yokubeka iliso kwi-hydrological, ukwandisa uxinano kunye nokuchaneka kokubeka iliso kwimvula, kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso yokulawula izikhukula kunye nokwenza izigqibo zokunciphisa imbalela.
Kwinkqubo yokulumkisa kwangethuba ngezikhukula, idatha yokujonga imvula ngexesha langempela idlala indima engenakutshintshwa. Izinzwa zemvula zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokujonga ngokuzenzekelayo kwamanzi kunye nokunika ingxelo ezijolise ekulawuleni izikhukula, ukuthunyelwa kwamanzi, kunye nolawulo lwemeko yamanzi kwizikhululo zamandla kunye neendawo zokugcina amanzi. Xa amandla emvula edlula umda omiselweyo, inkqubo inokubangela ngokuzenzekelayo isilumkiso sokukhumbuza iindawo ezisezantsi ukuba zenze amalungiselelo okulawula izikhukula. Umzekelo, inzwa yemvula yebhakethi yokuphosa imvula i-FF-YL inomsebenzi we-alamu yemvula enamaxesha amathathu. Inokukhupha amanqanaba ahlukeneyo esandi, ukukhanya kunye nee-alamu zelizwi ngokusekelwe kwimvula eqokelelweyo, ngaloo ndlela ithenge ixesha elixabisekileyo lokuthintela intlekele kunye nokunciphisa. Isisombululo sokujonga imvula esingenazingcingo seCampbell Scientific Company eMelika senza ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngexesha langempela ngokusebenzisa ujongano lwe-CWS900 series, siphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kokujonga nge-10.
Ulawulo lwedolophu kunye nezicelo zothutho
Ukwakhiwa kwezixeko ezikrelekrele kuzise iimeko ezintsha zokusetyenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokubeka esweni imvula. Ekubekeni esweni iinkqubo zokukhupha amanzi ezidolophini, izinzwa zemvula ezisasazwe ngokubanzi zinokuqonda ubunzulu bemvula kwindawo nganye ngexesha langempela. Zidibene nemodeli yenethiwekhi yokukhupha amanzi, zinokuqikelela umngcipheko wezikhukula zasezidolophini kwaye zilungiselele ukuthunyelwa kwezikhululo zokumpompa. Izinzwa zemvula zePiezoelectric, ezinobukhulu bazo obuncinci (njenge-FT-Y1) kunye nokuziqhelanisa okuqinileyo nokusingqongileyo, zifanelekile ngokukodwa ukufakwa okufihlakeleyo kwiindawo zasezidolophini 25. Amasebe olawulo lwezikhukula kwizixeko ezinkulu ezifana neBeijing aqalise ukuvavanya iinethiwekhi zokubeka esweni imvula ezikrelekrele ezisekelwe kwi-Intanethi yezinto. Ngokudibanisa idatha yezinzwa ezininzi, zijolise ekufezekiseni ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwizikhukula zasezidolophini.
Kwicandelo lolawulo lwezithuthi, izinzwa zemvula ziye zaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeenkqubo zothutho ezikrelekrele. Izixhobo zemvula ezifakwe kwiindlela ezinkulu nakwiindlela ezinkulu zasezidolophini zinokujonga ubunzulu bemvula ngexesha langempela. Xa kufunyenwe imvula enkulu, ziya kuqalisa ngokuzenzekelayo imiqondiso yemiyalezo eguquguqukayo ukuze zikhuphe izilumkiso zomda wesantya okanye zivule inkqubo yokukhupha amanzi kwitonela. Okuphawuleka ngakumbi kukuthandwa kwezinzwa zemvula yemoto - ezi zinzwa ze-optical okanye ze-capacitive, ezihlala zifihliwe ngasemva kwefestile yangaphambili, zinokulungisa ngokuzenzekelayo isantya se-wiper ngokwenani lemvula enayo kwiglasi, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukhuseleko lokuqhuba kwimozulu yemvula. Imarike yezinzwa zemvula yezithuthi zehlabathi ilawulwa kakhulu ngababoneleli abanjengoKostar, Bosch, kunye noDenso. Ezi zixhobo zokuchaneka zimele inqanaba eliphambili lobuchwepheshe bokubona imvula.
Imveliso yezolimo kunye nophando lwendalo
Uphuhliso lwezolimo oluchanekileyo alunakwahlulwa kulawulo lwemvula emasimini. Idatha yemvula inceda abalimi ukuba baphucule izicwangciso zokunkcenkceshela, baphephe inkunkuma yamanzi ngelixa beqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zamanzi zezityalo ziyafezekiswa. Izinzwa zemvula (ezifana neegeyiji zemvula zentsimbi engagqwaliyo) ezixhotyiswe kwizikhululo zemozulu zezolimo nezamahlathi zineempawu zokumelana nokugqwala okunamandla kunye nomgangatho obalaseleyo wokubonakala, kwaye zinokusebenza ngokuzinzileyo kwindawo yasendle ixesha elide. Kwiindawo ezineentaba neentaba, inethiwekhi yokujonga imvula esasazwe ngokubanzi inokubamba umahluko wendawo kwimvula kwaye inike iingcebiso zezolimo ezenzelwe wena kwiiploti ezahlukeneyo. Amanye amafama aphucukileyo aqalise ukuzama ukudibanisa idatha yemvula neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze kufezekiswe ulawulo lwamanzi olukrelekrele ngokwenene.
Uphando lwe-ecohydrology lukwaxhomekeke ekuqwalaselweni kwemvula esemgangathweni ophezulu. Kuphononongo lwe-ecosystems yamahlathi, ukujonga imvula ngaphakathi kwamahlathi kunokuhlalutya isiphumo sokuthintela kwe-canopy kwimvula. Kukhuseleko lwemimandla enamanzi, idatha yemvula yinto ephambili ekubalweni kokulinganisela kwamanzi; Kwicandelo lokulondolozwa komhlaba namanzi, ulwazi lobunzulu bemvula lunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokuchaneka kweemodeli zokukhukuliseka komhlaba 17. Abaphandi kwi-Old Ha River Basin yaseTshayina basebenzise idatha ye-ground rain gauge ukuvavanya ukuchaneka kweemveliso ze-satellite precipitation ezifana ne-TRMM kunye ne-CMORPH, nto leyo ebonelela ngesiseko esibalulekileyo sokuphucula ii-algorithms zokuqonda kude. Olu hlobo lwendlela yokujonga "indawo edibeneyo yomhlaba" luba yindlela entsha yophando lwe-eco-hydrology.
Iintsimi ezikhethekileyo kunye nezicelo ezivelayo
Ishishini lamandla namandla nalo liqalile ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kokujonga imvula. Iifama zomoya zisebenzisa idatha yemvula ukuvavanya umngcipheko we-blade icing, ngelixa izitishi zamandla ombane zisebenzisa izicwangciso zazo zokuvelisa umbane ngokusekelwe kuqikelelo lwemvula yesitya. I-piezoelectric rain gauge sensor FT-Y1 isetyenzisiwe kwinkqubo yokujonga okusingqongileyo kweefama zomoya. Uluhlu lwayo olubanzi lobushushu bokusebenza oluqala kwi -40 ukuya kwi-85℃ lufanelekile ngokukodwa ukujonga ixesha elide phantsi kweemeko zemozulu ezinzima.
Intsimi yeenqwelo-moya ineemfuno ezikhethekileyo zokujonga imvula. Inethiwekhi yokujonga imvula ejikeleze indlela yeenqwelo-moya inika isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko lweenqwelo-moya, ngelixa indawo yokuqalisa irokhethi kufuneka iqonde ngokuchanekileyo imeko yemvula ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokuqalisa. Phakathi kwezi zicelo ziphambili, iigeyiji zemvula zebhakethi ezithembekileyo kakhulu (ezifana neCampbell TE525MM) zihlala zikhethwa njengeenzwa eziphambili. Ukuchaneka kwazo kwe-±1% (phantsi kobunzima bemvula obuyi-≤10mm/hr) kunye noyilo olunokuxhotyiswa ngeeringi ezingangeni moya zihlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yoshishino 10.
Iinkalo zophando lwesayensi kunye nemfundo ziyandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokujonga imvula. Izinzwa zemvula zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokufundisa nezovavanyo kwizifundo zemozulu, i-hydrology kunye nesayensi yokusingqongileyo kwiikholeji nakwizikolo zobugcisa zamabanga aphakamileyo ukunceda abafundi baqonde umgaqo wokulinganisa imvula. Iiprojekthi zesayensi zabemi zikhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu ekujongeni imvula kwaye zandisa ukugubungela kwenethiwekhi yokujonga ngokusebenzisa iigeyiji zemvula ezingabizi kakhulu. Inkqubo yemfundo ye-GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) eMelika ibonisa ngokucacileyo imigaqo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokuqonda kude kubafundi ngohlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwedatha yesathelayithi kunye nemvula yomhlaba.
Ngophuhliso lwe-Intanethi yezinto, i-big data kunye netekhnoloji yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, ukujonga imvula kuyatshintsha ukusuka ekulinganiseni imvula enye ukuya kwimbono yokusebenzisana ye-multi-parameter kunye nenkxaso yesigqibo esikrelekrele. Inkqubo yokujonga imvula yexesha elizayo iya kudityaniswa ngokusondeleyo nezinye izinzwa zokusingqongileyo (ezifana nokufuma, isantya somoya, ukufuma komhlaba, njl.njl.) ukuze yenze inethiwekhi ebanzi yokuqonda indalo, inike inkxaso yedatha ebanzi nechanekileyo kuluntu ukujongana notshintsho lwemozulu kunye nemingeni yemithombo yamanzi.
Ukuthelekiswa kwesimo sesicelo sangoku sobuchwepheshe bokubeka iliso kwigesi kwihlabathi liphela namazwe
Itekhnoloji yokujonga igesi, njengokujonga imvula, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lokuqonda okusingqongileyo kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kutshintsho lwemozulu lwehlabathi, ukhuseleko lwemizi-mveliso, impilo yoluntu kunye nezinye iinkalo. Ngokusekelwe kwizakhiwo zawo zoshishino, imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo kunye namanqanaba etekhnoloji, amazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla inika iipatheni zophuhliso ezahlukileyo kuphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokujonga igesi. Njengelizwe elikhulu lokuvelisa kunye neziko lokuvelisa izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe elikhula ngokukhawuleza, iTshayina yenze inkqubela phambili emangalisayo kuphando kunye nophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuhlola igesi. I-United States, ixhomekeke kumandla ayo obuchwepheshe aqinileyo kunye nenkqubo epheleleyo esemgangathweni, igcina isikhundla esiphambili kubuchwepheshe bokujonga igesi kunye namacandelo okusetyenziswa axabisa kakhulu. Amazwe aseYurophu akhuthaza ubuchule bokujonga iteknoloji ngemigaqo engqongqo yokukhusela okusingqongileyo. IJapan kunye neSouth Korea zithatha izikhundla ezibalulekileyo kumacandelo ezixhobo zombane zabathengi kunye nezixhobo zokuhlola igesi zeemoto.
Uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokujonga igesi eTshayina
Itekhnoloji yokujonga igesi yaseTshayina ibonakalise umkhwa wophuhliso okhawulezayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwaye yenze inkqubela phambili emangalisayo kwiinkalo ezininzi ezifana nokhuseleko lwemizi-mveliso, ukujonga okusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yezonyango. Isikhokelo somgaqo-nkqubo sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokwandisa ngokukhawuleza imakethi yokujonga igesi yaseTshayina. "Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu se-14 soKhuseleko lweMveliso yeeKhemikhali eziyingozi" ngokucacileyo sifuna iipaki zoshishino zeekhemikhali ukuba ziseke inkqubo epheleleyo yokujonga igesi enobungozi neyingozi kunye nesilumkiso kwangethuba kwaye zikhuthaze ukwakhiwa kweqonga elikrelekrele lokulawula umngcipheko. Phantsi kwale mvelaphi yomgaqo-nkqubo, izixhobo zokujonga igesi zasekhaya zisetyenziswe kakhulu kumashishini anomngcipheko ophezulu afana neekhemikhali zepetroli kunye nemigodi yamalahle. Umzekelo, izixhobo zokubona igesi enobuthi ze-electrochemical kunye nezixhobo zokubona igesi ezivuthayo ze-infrared ziye zaba ziindlela eziqhelekileyo zokhuseleko lwemizi-mveliso.
Kwicandelo lokujonga indalo, iTshayina iseke inethiwekhi enkulu yokujonga umgangatho womoya ehlabathini, egubungela izixeko ezingama-338 kwinqanaba lesithili nangaphezulu kulo lonke ilizwe. Le nethiwekhi ijonga ikakhulu iiparameter ezintandathu, ezizezi: i-SO₂, i-NO₂, i-CO, i-O₃, i-PM₂.₅ kunye ne-PM₁₀, apho ezine zokuqala zonke zingcolisi zegesi. Idatha evela kwiZiko leSizwe lokuJonga iNdalo laseTshayina ibonisa ukuba ukusukela ngo-2024, kukho izikhululo zokujonga umgangatho womoya ezingaphezu kwe-1,400 zelizwe, zonke zixhotyiswe ngee-analyzer zegesi ezenzekelayo. Idatha yexesha langempela yenziwa ifumaneke kuluntu nge-"National Urban Air Quality Real-Time Release Platform". Le nethiwekhi inkulu kwaye inobuninzi bokujonga inika isiseko sesayensi sezenzo zeTshayina zokuthintela nokulawula ungcoliseko lomoya.
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Ixesha leposi: Juni-11-2025