Isishwankathelo
Ingxaki yokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nenkunkuma yenye yezinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ukusebenza kokuthunyelwa kunye nobomi beProjekthi yeMigodi Emithathu (i-TGP). Iindlela ezininzi zisetyenzisiwe ukuphanda iingxaki zokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nenkunkuma ye-TGP ngexesha lokuboniswa kwayo, ucwangciso, uyilo, ulwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza, kwaye kufunyenwe iziphumo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ukuqonda inkqubela yokulinganisa ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nenkunkuma kwiiprojekthi ezimele iTshayina kunye namava okujonga inkunkuma kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi ezinkulu kakhulu, ukulinganiswa kokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nenkunkuma ye-TGP kwaziswa kakhulu kweli phepha. Ibandakanya imeko ngokubanzi ye-TGP, ukusasazwa kwenethiwekhi yesitishi samanzi, izinto zokulinganisa, itekhnoloji entsha yokulinganisa, kunye notshintsho lwenkunkuma kwindawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nomlambo emva kokubanjwa kwe-TGP. Iziphumo zokulinganisa inkunkuma zibonisa ukuba imeko esisiseko yeengxaki zenkunkuma ilungile, kwaye ezi ngxaki zenkunkuma zinokuqokelelana, ziphuhle, kwaye zitshintshe ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngoko ke kufuneka ziqwalaselwe rhoqo.
1. INTSHAYELELO
Iprojekthi yeMigodi Emithathu (i-TGP) yeyona projekthi inkulu yolondolozo lwamanzi kunye namandla ombane emhlabeni. Idama likwiSandouping, kwiSixeko saseYichang, kwiPhondo laseHubei, eliyindawo eyahlula phakathi komjelo ophakathi kunye nomlambo ongaphezulu komjelo omkhulu woMlambo iYangtze. Ilawula indawo yokukhupha amanzi eyi-1 yezigidi zeekhilomitha, kwaye umthamo oqhelekileyo wonyaka wokukhupha amanzi ufikelela kwi-451,000 yezigidi ze-m3. Ngomthamo wokugcina izikhukula we-22.15 yeebhiliyoni zee-cubic metres, le projekthi idlala indima enkulu kulawulo lwezikhukula kwisitya soMlambo iYangtze. Ngomgangatho oqhelekileyo ovalelweyo we-175 m, umthamo wokugcina wonke wedama yi-39,300 kwaye i-22,150 yezigidi ze-m3 yayo ngumthamo wolawulo lwezikhukula. Uphuhliso lwe-TGP lugxile ekuthinteleni izikhukula, ukuvelisa umbane, kunye neenzuzo zokuthutha amanzi. Iya kuphucula nokusingqongileyo kwendalo. Ngeli xesha, iingenelo ezipheleleyo malunga nolawulo lwezikhukula, ukuhambahamba, ukuvelisa umbane, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ziye zaziswa.
Njengenxalenye ephambili yenkqubo yokulawula izikhukula kwiindawo eziphakathi nezisezantsi zoMlambo iYangtze, i-TGP ilawula i-96% yokungena koMlambo iJingjiang, indawo eyingozi kakhulu yomlambo ngexesha lezikhukula, kwaye ngaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu sokungena koMlambo iWuhan. I-TGP idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni izikhukula nokunciphisa izikhukula ezinkulu kwiindawo eziphezulu zoMlambo iYangtze. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, idama lalibambe ii-cubic metres ezili-180 zeebhiliyoni zamanzi ngexesha lezikhukula. Labona ukungena kwamanzi okungaphezulu kwee-cubic metres ezingama-70,000 ngomzuzwana ngo-2010, ngo-2012 kwaye lanciphisa iincopho zezikhukula malunga ne-40%, nto leyo eyanciphisa kakhulu uxinzelelo lokulawula izikhukula kwiindawo ezisezantsi koMlambo iYangtze. Ngexesha leemvula ezomileyo, ukukhupha amanzi kunyuswe ukuya kwii-cubic metres ezingama-5500 ngomzuzwana, okubonelela ngamanzi angaphezu kwee-cubic metres ezingama-20 ngonyaka kwiindawo eziphakathi nezisezantsi zoMlambo iYangtze.
Uqwalaselo lweprototype lwenziwa ukuze luncede uphando lwesediment, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokusebenza kwe-TGP kwixesha elahlukileyo. Ukulinganiswa kweprototype kusetyenzisiwe ukuhlalutya umahluko kumanzi agelezayo kunye nomthwalo wesediment kumjelo ophambili woMlambo iYangtze, kunye notshintsho kunye nokuguquka komlambo. Ukusasazwa kweendawo kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Iziphumo zoqwalaselo lwangoku zihambelana nesigaba sophando lokwenzeka (Lu & Huang, 2013), kodwa ngenxa yokuncipha kwesediment ephezulu kunye nokwakhiwa kwamachibi e-cascade kuMlambo iJinsha emva kweminyaka yoo-1990, ukugaleleka kwedama leeNtlanu zeMigodi (TGR) kuncinci kakhulu kunangaphambili, okubangela ubunzulu obukhulu kunye nomgama wokukhukuliseka komlambo phantsi kwe-TGP.
2 UYILO LWENETWEKHI YE-HYDROLOGIC NENKQUBO YOKULINGANISA
Ukuqokelela idatha esisiseko kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokwakha ubunjineli bebhesini, iKhomishini yeMithombo yamanzi yaseChangjiang iye yaseka kancinci inani elikhulu lezikhululo zamanzi ecaleni komlanjana ophambili kunye nemijelo yoMlambo iYangtze ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1950. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, inethiwekhi epheleleyo yezikhululo zamanzi kunye nenethiwekhi yokujonga intlenga yayisele yenziwe ngokusisiseko. Iquka izikhululo zamanzi ezili-118 kunye nezikhululo zokulinganisa ezingaphezu kwama-350. Ukongeza, umsebenzi omkhulu wophando lomlambo kunye nohlalutyo lwentlenga ugqityiwe. Idatha yokujonga intlenga kunye nentlenga yamashumi eminyaka adlulileyo kwizizukulwana ezininzi inike isiseko sesayensi sokubonisa, uyilo, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokusebenza kwe-TGP.
Ukuhlolwa kweprototype kwenziwa ukuze kusetyenziswe uphando lwesediment, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokusebenza kwe-TGR kwixesha elahlukileyo. Emva kokuba ichibi liqalise ukugcina ngo-2003, ingxaki yesediment yabonakala kwiindawo eziphezulu nezisezantsi, kwaye ukuvavanywa kweprototype kunye nophando lwesediment oluhambelanayo lwenziwe ukuze kusetyenziswe i-TGP ngokuthe ngqo. Injongo yokuhlolwa ibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo: Ukuqonda idatha yangasemva yesimo sendlela yendalo ngaphambi kokuba igcinwe ngokupheleleyo; Ukwenza isalathiso kwisigqibo sesicwangciso sokubanjwa kwezavenge; ukujonga ngexesha langempela utshintsho lokukhukuliseka kunye nokufakwa kwiindawo eziphezulu nezisezantsi emva kokubanjwa, kunye nokufumana iingxaki, ukuze kuthathwe amanyathelo okuchasana ngexesha; ukuqinisekisa iteknoloji yokulinganisa eyamkelweyo, kunye nokwandisa ukuthembeka kokuqikelela isediment ye-TGP.
Uluhlu lokujonga iprototype ye-hydrological sediment luquka indawo yedama, indawo yedama, kunye neendawo ezisezantsi. Ukusukela ngo-1949, ngokusekelwe kumlinganiselo we-sediment wexesha elide, ukujonga itshaneli, kunye nokuhlola kunye nophando, idatha eninzi yokujonga iprototype kunye neziphumo zophando lohlalutyo ziye zaqokelelwa, ngaloo ndlela zanelisa imfuno yocwangciso, uyilo kunye nophando lwesayensi kwisigaba sokuchaza. Isigaba sokwakha sisithuba sexeshana sokulandela i-prophase, kwaye ixesha lilonke lokwakha yi-17a, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukujonga rhoqo ukugeleza kotshintsho, i-sediment, kunye nemeko yomda. Oku akuboneleli kuphela ngokuxhomekeka kuyilo, uphando lwesayensi, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokusebenza, kodwa kukwaqinisekisa kunye nokwenza ngcono uyilo kunye nolawulo.
Izinto ezibangela ukubekwa kweliso ziquka i-hydrology, i-sediment, kunye nomhlaba we-channel. Uphando lwe-channel terrace lujolise ekufumaneni ukuguquguquka rhoqo kwe-channel kwi-raw, ukubekwa kwe-sediment kwidama, ukhukuliseko oluya ezantsi, kunye nokuguquka kweendawo ezibalulekileyo emva kokubanjwa kwe-TGP.
2 UYILO LWENETWEKHI YE-HYDROLOGIC NENKQUBO YOKULINGANISA
Ukuqokelela idatha esisiseko kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokwakha ubunjineli bebhesini, iKhomishini yeMithombo yamanzi yaseChangjiang iye yaseka kancinci inani elikhulu lezikhululo zamanzi ecaleni komlanjana ophambili kunye nemijelo yoMlambo iYangtze ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1950. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, inethiwekhi epheleleyo yezikhululo zamanzi kunye nenethiwekhi yokujonga intlenga yayisele yenziwe ngokusisiseko. Iquka izikhululo zamanzi ezili-118 kunye nezikhululo zokulinganisa ezingaphezu kwama-350. Ukongeza, umsebenzi omkhulu wophando lomlambo kunye nohlalutyo lwentlenga ugqityiwe. Idatha yokujonga intlenga kunye nentlenga yamashumi eminyaka adlulileyo kwizizukulwana ezininzi inike isiseko sesayensi sokubonisa, uyilo, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokusebenza kwe-TGP.
Ukuhlolwa kweprototype kwenziwa ukuze kusetyenziswe uphando lwesediment, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokusebenza kwe-TGR kwixesha elahlukileyo. Emva kokuba ichibi liqalise ukugcina ngo-2003, ingxaki yesediment yabonakala kwiindawo eziphezulu nezisezantsi, kwaye ukuvavanywa kweprototype kunye nophando lwesediment oluhambelanayo lwenziwe ukuze kusetyenziswe i-TGP ngokuthe ngqo. Injongo yokuhlolwa ibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo: Ukuqonda idatha yangasemva yesimo sendlela yendalo ngaphambi kokuba igcinwe ngokupheleleyo; Ukwenza isalathiso kwisigqibo sesicwangciso sokubanjwa kwezavenge; ukujonga ngexesha langempela utshintsho lokukhukuliseka kunye nokufakwa kwiindawo eziphezulu nezisezantsi emva kokubanjwa, kunye nokufumana iingxaki, ukuze kuthathwe amanyathelo okuchasana ngexesha; ukuqinisekisa iteknoloji yokulinganisa eyamkelweyo, kunye nokwandisa ukuthembeka kokuqikelela isediment ye-TGP.
Uluhlu lokujonga iprototype ye-hydrological sediment luquka indawo yedama, indawo yedama, kunye neendawo ezisezantsi. Ukusukela ngo-1949, ngokusekelwe kumlinganiselo we-sediment wexesha elide, ukujonga itshaneli, kunye nokuhlola kunye nophando, idatha eninzi yokujonga iprototype kunye neziphumo zophando lohlalutyo ziye zaqokelelwa, ngaloo ndlela zanelisa imfuno yocwangciso, uyilo kunye nophando lwesayensi kwisigaba sokuchaza. Isigaba sokwakha sisithuba sexeshana sokulandela i-prophase, kwaye ixesha lilonke lokwakha yi-17a, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukujonga rhoqo ukugeleza kotshintsho, i-sediment, kunye nemeko yomda. Oku akuboneleli kuphela ngokuxhomekeka kuyilo, uphando lwesayensi, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokusebenza, kodwa kukwaqinisekisa kunye nokwenza ngcono uyilo kunye nolawulo.
Izinto ezibangela ukubekwa kweliso ziquka i-hydrology, i-sediment, kunye nomhlaba we-channel. Uphando lwe-channel terrace lujolise ekufumaneni ukuguquguquka rhoqo kwe-channel kwi-raw, ukubekwa kwe-sediment kwidama, ukhukuliseko oluya ezantsi, kunye nokuguquka kweendawo ezibalulekileyo emva kokubanjwa kwe-TGP.
Isixhobo sokuvavanya isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kwiradar kwiimeko ezifana neeDAMS, iitshaneli ezivulekileyo, kunye neenethiwekhi zemibhobho engaphantsi komhlaba, sinokujonga idatha ngexesha langempela.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-04-2024