Abstract
Ingxaki yokuqukuqela nentlenga yenye yezinto eziphambili ezichaphazela umsebenzi wokuthumela kunye nobomi beProjekthi yeMiwonyo emithathu (TGP). Iindlela ezininzi zisetyenzisiwe ukuphanda ukuhamba kunye neengxaki zentlenga ze-TGP ngexesha lokubonisa, ukucwangcisa, ukuyila, ukwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza, kunye neziphumo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zifunyenwe. Ukuqonda inkqubela yokuhamba kunye nomlinganiselo wentlenga kwiiprojekthi ezimele iChina kunye namava okujongwa kwentlenga kumadama amakhulu amakhulu, ukuhamba kunye nomlinganiselo wentlenga weTGP waziswa kakhulu kweli phepha. Ibandakanya imeko jikelele ye-TGP, ukuhanjiswa kothungelwano lwesikhululo samanzi, imiba yomlinganiselo, itekhnoloji entsha yokulinganisa, kunye notshintsho lwentlenga kwindawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nokwehla komlambo emva kokuvalelwa kwe-TGP. Iziphumo zomlinganiselo wentlenga zibonisa ukuba imeko esisiseko yeengxaki zentlenga ilungile, kwaye ezi ngxaki zentlenga zinokuthi mhlawumbi ziqokelele, ziphuhlise, kwaye ziguqule ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngoko ke kufuneka zinikwe ingqwalasela eqhubekayo.
1. INTSHAYELELO
IProjekthi yeMiwonyo emithathu (i-TGP) yeyona projekthi inkulu yolondolozo lwamanzi kunye namandla ombane ophehlwa ngamanzi ehlabathini. Idama liseSandouping, kwisiXeko saseYichang, kwiPhondo laseHubei, elingumda wokwahlula phakathi kombindi womlambo kunye nomlambo onyukayo wesiqu soMlambo iYangtze. Ilawula indawo yokuhambisa amanzi e-1 yesigidi km2, kwaye umyinge wonyaka wokuhamba kwamanzi ufikelela kuma-451,000 ezigidi m3. Ngomthamo wogcino lwezikhukhula oziibhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni ezingama-22.15, iprojekthi idlala indima enkulu kulawulo lwezandyondyo kuMlambo iYangtze. Ngomgangatho oqhelekileyo ovalelweyo we-175 m, umthamo uwonke wogcino lwedama yi-39,300 kunye ne-22,150 yezigidi ze-m3 yayo ngumthamo wokulawula izikhukhula. Uphuhliso lwe-TGP lugxile kuthintelo lwezandyondyo, ukuveliswa kombane, kunye nezibonelelo zothutho lwamanzi. Kwakhona kuya kuphucula imeko yendalo. Kwelo xesha, iinzuzo ezibanzi malunga nolawulo lwezandyondyo, ukuhamba ngenqanawa, ukuveliswa kombane, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bamanzi zanikezelwa.
Njengenxalenye ephambili yenkqubo yokulawula izikhukhula phakathi kunye nokufikelela okuphantsi koMlambo waseYangtze, i-TGP ilawula i-96% yokungena kwi-Jingjiang River, icandelo eliyingozi kakhulu lomlambo ngexesha lezikhukhula, nangaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu sokungena e-Wuhan. I-TGP idlala indima eyimfuneko ekunciphiseni izikhukula nasekunciphiseni izikhukhula ezinkulu kwiindawo eziphezulu zoMlambo iYangtze. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, idama belibambe i-180 yeebhiliyoni zee-cubic metres zamanzi ngamaxesha onyaka wezikhukula. Ibone ukungena okungaphezu kwama-70,000 eetyhubhik metres ngesekhondi ngo-2010, 2012 yaze yanciphisa iincopho zezikhukula malunga ne-40%, ithomalalisa kakhulu uxinzelelo lolawulo lwezikhukhula kwimimandla esemazantsi omlambo. Ngexesha lonyaka omileyo, ukukhutshwa kuye kwanyuswa ukuya kwi-5500 cubic metres ngomzuzwana, kubonelela ngamanzi angaphezu kwama-20 eebhiliyoni zeekyubhiki zamanzi ngonyaka kwiindawo eziphakathi nezisezantsi zoMlambo iYangtze.
Uqwalaselo lweprototype luyenziwa ukuze kusetyenziswe uphando lwentlenga, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokusebenza kweTGP kwixesha elahlukileyo. Imilinganiselo yeprototype yayisetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya ukuhluka kokuhamba kunye nomthwalo wentlenga kumjelo oyintloko woMlambo waseYangtze, kunye notshintsho kunye nokuvela komlambo. Ukusasazwa kweziza kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Iziphumo zangoku zokuqwalaselwa ngokusisiseko zihambelana nenqanaba lophononongo olunokwenzeka (Lu & Huang, 2013), kodwa ngenxa yokunciphisa intlenga enyukayo kunye nokwakhiwa kwamadama e-Cascade kuMlambo i-Jinsha emva kweminyaka ye-1990, ukuchithwa kwe-Sedimentation ye-Three Gorges kwi-reserving encinci ye-Three Gorges kwi-reserving encinci kune-reserving ye-Three. ubunzulu kunye nomgama wokhukuliseko lomlambo kumazantsi omlambo weTGP.
2 UYILO NENKQUBO YOMLINGANISO YE-HYDROLOGIC
Ukuqokelela idatha esisiseko kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokwakhiwa kobunjineli be-basin, iKomishoni yeMithombo yaManzi yaseChangjiang iye ngokuthe ngcembe yaseka inani elikhulu lezikhululo ze-hydrological ecaleni komlambo omkhulu kunye ne-tributaries yoMlambo waseYangtze ukususela ngo-1950. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, uthungelwano olupheleleyo lwesikhululo samanzi kunye nothungelwano lokuhlola intlenga lwalusekiwe. Ibandakanya izikhululo ze-hydrological 118 kunye nezikhululo zokulinganisa ezingaphezu kwama-350. Ukongeza, inani elikhulu lovavanyo lomlambo kunye nomsebenzi wohlalutyo lwentlenga ugqityiwe. Idata yoqwalaselo lwamanzi kunye nentlenga yamashumi eminyaka edlulileyo kwizizukulwana ezininzi ibonelele ngesiseko senzululwazi sokubonisa, ukuyila, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokusebenza kwe-TGP.
Uqwalaselo lweprototype lwenziwa ukulungiselela uphando lwentlenga, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokusebenza kweTGR kwixesha elahlukileyo. Emva kokuba idama liqalise ukugcinwa kwalo ngo-2003, umba wentlenga wavela kwindawo ephezulu nasezantsi, kwaye uqwalaselo lweprototype kunye nophando lwentlenga oluhambelanayo lwenziwa ukuze lusebenze ngokuthe ngqo kwi-TGP. Injongo yoqwalaselo ibandakanya le miba ilandelayo: Ukulawula idatha yangasemva yobume bejelo lendalo phambi kokuba kuvalelwe ngokupheleleyo; Ukwenza ireferensi ngesigqibo sesicwangciso sothintelo lwezavenge; ukubekwa esweni okwexesha lokwenyani ukwahluka kokhukuliseko kunye nokubekwa kwindawo ephezulu nasezantsi emva kokubanjwa, kunye nokufumanisa iingxaki, ukuze kuthathwe amanyathelo okuchasana kwangexesha; ukuqinisekisa ubuchwephesha bokulinganisa obamkelweyo, kunye nokwandisa ukuthembeka koqikelelo lwentlenga ye-TGP.
Uluhlu lokuphononongwa kwentlenga ye-hydrological sediment lubandakanya indawo yokugcina amanzi, indawo yedama, kunye nokufikelela okusezantsi. Ukusukela ngo-1949, ngokusekwe kumlinganiselo wentlenga wexesha elide, uqwalaselo lwetshaneli, kunye nophononongo kunye nophando, uninzi lwedatha yokuphononongwa kweprototype kunye neziphumo zophando zohlalutyo ziye zaqokelelwa, ngoko ke kuhlangatyezwana nemfuno yokucwangcisa, ukuyila kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi kwinqanaba lenkcazo. Inqanaba lokwakha lelomzuzwana lokuphumelela iprophase, kwaye ixesha lilonke lokwakha yi-17a, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukujonga ngokuqhubekayo ukubaleka, intlenga, kunye nemeko yomda. Oku akuboneleli kuphela ngokuxhomekeka kuyilo, uphando lwezenzululwazi, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokusebenza, kodwa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kunye nokulungiswa koyilo kunye nommiselo.
Imiba yokubek' esweni iquka i-hydrology, intlenga, kunye ne-channel terrain. Uvavanyo lomhlaba lwetshaneli ikakhulu kukufumana ukuqheleka kokuvela kwetshaneli ekrwada, ukubekwa kwentlenga kwindawo yokugcina amanzi, ukhukuliseko ezantsi komlambo, kunye nokuvela kwezinto eziphambili ezifikelelwayo emva kokubanjwa kwe-TGP.
2 UYILO NENKQUBO YOMLINGANISO YE-HYDROLOGIC
Ukuqokelela idatha esisiseko kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokwakhiwa kobunjineli be-basin, iKomishoni yeMithombo yaManzi yaseChangjiang iye ngokuthe ngcembe yaseka inani elikhulu lezikhululo ze-hydrological ecaleni komlambo omkhulu kunye ne-tributaries yoMlambo waseYangtze ukususela ngo-1950. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, uthungelwano olupheleleyo lwesikhululo samanzi kunye nothungelwano lokuhlola intlenga lwalusekiwe. Ibandakanya izikhululo ze-hydrological 118 kunye nezikhululo zokulinganisa ezingaphezu kwama-350. Ukongeza, inani elikhulu lovavanyo lomlambo kunye nomsebenzi wohlalutyo lwentlenga ugqityiwe. Idata yoqwalaselo lwamanzi kunye nentlenga yamashumi eminyaka edlulileyo kwizizukulwana ezininzi ibonelele ngesiseko senzululwazi sokubonisa, ukuyila, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokusebenza kwe-TGP.
Uqwalaselo lweprototype lwenziwa ukulungiselela uphando lwentlenga, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokusebenza kweTGR kwixesha elahlukileyo. Emva kokuba idama liqalise ukugcinwa kwalo ngo-2003, umba wentlenga wavela kwindawo ephezulu nasezantsi, kwaye uqwalaselo lweprototype kunye nophando lwentlenga oluhambelanayo lwenziwa ukuze lusebenze ngokuthe ngqo kwi-TGP. Injongo yoqwalaselo ibandakanya le miba ilandelayo: Ukulawula idatha yangasemva yobume bejelo lendalo phambi kokuba kuvalelwe ngokupheleleyo; Ukwenza ireferensi ngesigqibo sesicwangciso sothintelo lwezavenge; ukubekwa esweni okwexesha lokwenyani ukwahluka kokhukuliseko kunye nokubekwa kwindawo ephezulu nasezantsi emva kokubanjwa, kunye nokufumanisa iingxaki, ukuze kuthathwe amanyathelo okuchasana kwangexesha; ukuqinisekisa ubuchwephesha bokulinganisa obamkelweyo, kunye nokwandisa ukuthembeka koqikelelo lwentlenga ye-TGP.
Uluhlu lokuphononongwa kwentlenga ye-hydrological sediment lubandakanya indawo yokugcina amanzi, indawo yedama, kunye nokufikelela okusezantsi. Ukusukela ngo-1949, ngokusekwe kumlinganiselo wentlenga wexesha elide, uqwalaselo lwetshaneli, kunye nophononongo kunye nophando, uninzi lwedatha yokuphononongwa kweprototype kunye neziphumo zophando zohlalutyo ziye zaqokelelwa, ngoko ke kuhlangatyezwana nemfuno yokucwangcisa, ukuyila kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi kwinqanaba lenkcazo. Inqanaba lokwakha lelomzuzwana lokuphumelela iprophase, kwaye ixesha lilonke lokwakha yi-17a, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukujonga ngokuqhubekayo ukubaleka, intlenga, kunye nemeko yomda. Oku akuboneleli kuphela ngokuxhomekeka kuyilo, uphando lwezenzululwazi, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokusebenza, kodwa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kunye nokulungiswa koyilo kunye nommiselo.
Imiba yokubek' esweni iquka i-hydrology, intlenga, kunye ne-channel terrain. Uvavanyo lomhlaba lwetshaneli ikakhulu kukufumana ukuqheleka kokuvela kwetshaneli ekrwada, ukubekwa kwentlenga kwindawo yokugcina amanzi, ukhukuliseko ezantsi komlambo, kunye nokuvela kwezinto eziphambili ezifikelelwayo emva kokubanjwa kwe-TGP.
Inzwa yesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi eRadar kwiimeko ezinjenge-DAMS, iziteshi ezivulekileyo, kunye nothungelwano lombhobho ongaphantsi komhlaba, inokubeka iliso kwidatha ngexesha langempela.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-04-2024