Njengelizwe elikhulu kwihlabathi elihlala kwiindawo ezishushu ezinemvula eninzi kunye neziganeko zemozulu egqithisileyo, i-Indonesia ijongene nezikhukula njengeyona ntlekele yendalo ixhaphakileyo neyonakalisayo. Ukujongana nalo mceli mngeni, urhulumente wase-Indonesia ukhuthaze ngamandla ukwakhiwa kweNkqubo yeSilumkiso sangaphambi kwexesha seZikhukula (FEWS) yanamhlanje esekelwe kwi-Intanethi yezinto (IoT) kunye netekhnoloji yokubona izinto ephucukileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Phakathi kwezi teknoloji, iimitha zokuhamba kweradar, iigeyiji zemvula, kunye neenzwa zokufuduka zisebenza njengezixhobo eziphambili zokufumana idatha, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo.
Oku kulandelayo yimeko epheleleyo yesicelo ebonisa indlela ezi teknoloji ezisebenza ngayo kunye ekusebenzeni.
I. Imvelaphi yeProjekthi: IJakarta kunye neCiliwung River Basin
- Indawo: Ikomkhulu lase-Indonesia, iJakarta, kunye neSidibi soMlambo iCiliwung esihamba phakathi kwesi sixeko.
- Umngeni: IJakarta isezantsi kwaye inabemi abaninzi kakhulu. UMlambo iCiliwung udla ngokugcwala ngexesha lemvula, nto leyo ebangela izikhukula ezinkulu zasezidolophini kunye nezikhukula zemilambo, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko omkhulu kubomi nakwimpahla. Iindlela zemveli zokulumkisa ezixhomekeke ekujongeni ngesandla azikwazanga ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sezilumkiso ezikhawulezayo nezichanekileyo kwangethuba.
II. Isifundo esineenkcukacha zeSicelo seTekhnoloji
I-FEWS kule ndawo yinkqubo ezenzekelayo edibanisa ukuqokelelwa kwedatha, ukudluliselwa, uhlalutyo, kunye nokusasazwa kwayo. Ezi ntlobo zintathu zezinzwa zenza "ii-sensory nerves" zenkqubo.
1. I-Rain Gauge – “Indawo Yokuqala” Yesilumkiso Sasekuqaleni
- Iteknoloji kunye nomsebenzi: Iigeyiji zemvula zebhakethi ezijikajikayo zifakelwe kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo kumda wamanzi ophezulu woMlambo iCiliwung (umz., indawo yaseBogor). Zilinganisa ubunzulu bemvula kunye nokuqokelelwa kwayo ngokubala inani lezihlandlo ibhakethi encinci ejika ngazo emva kokuzaliswa ngamanzi emvula. Le datha yeyona nto ibalulekileyo neyingeniso yokuqala yokuqikelela izikhukhula.
- Imeko yesicelo: Ukubeka esweni imvula ngexesha langempela kwiindawo eziphezulu. Imvula enkulu yeyona nto ibangela ukunyuka kwamanqanaba emilambo. Idatha idluliselwa ngexesha langempela kwiziko eliphambili lokucubungula idatha ngeenethiwekhi ezingenazingcingo (umz., i-GSM/GPRS okanye i-LoRaWAN).
- Indima: Inika izilumkiso ezisekelwe kwimvula. Ukuba amandla emvula kwinqanaba elithile adlula umda obekiweyo kwixesha elifutshane, inkqubo ikhupha ngokuzenzekelayo isilumkiso sokuqala, ebonisa ukuba kukho izikhukula eziza kuhla nomsinga kwaye ithenge ixesha elibalulekileyo lokuphendula okulandelayo.
2. Imitha Yokuhamba Kwerada – “Iliso Elibukhali” Eliphambili
- Iteknoloji kunye nomsebenzi: Iimitha zokuhamba kweradar ezingadibaniyo (ezidla ngokuquka ii-sensors zamanzi zeradar kunye nee-sensors zesantya somphezulu weradar) zifakelwe kwiibhulorho okanye kwiibhanki ezikuMlambo iCiliwung kunye nemijelo yawo ephambili. Zilinganisa ukuphakama komgangatho wamanzi (H) kunye nesantya somphezulu womlambo (V) ngokuchanekileyo ngokukhupha ii-microwaves zisiya kumphezulu wamanzi kwaye zifumana imiqondiso ebonakalisiweyo.
- Imeko Yokusetyenziswa: Zithatha indawo yezinzwa zoqhagamshelwano zemveli (ezifana nezinzwa ze-ultrasonic okanye zoxinzelelo), ezihlala zixinene kwaye zifuna ukulungiswa okungakumbi. Itekhnoloji yeradar ayichaphazeleki bubumdaka, umxholo wedaka, kunye nokugqwala, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kakhulu kwiimeko zomlambo wase-Indonesia.
- Indima:
- Ukubeka iliso kwiNqanaba laManzi: Kubeka iliso kwimigangatho yomlambo ngexesha langempela; kuqalisa izilumkiso kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngoko nangoko xa inqanaba lamanzi lidlule imida yesilumkiso.
- Ukubala Ukuhamba Komlambo: Xa idibene nedatha ecwangcisiweyo kwangaphambili yecandelo lomlambo, inkqubo ibala ngokuzenzekelayo ukuphuma komlambo ngexesha langempela (Q = A * V, apho u-A yindawo enqamlezileyo). Ukukhupha amanzi sisalathisi senzululwazi ngakumbi se-hydrological kunenqanaba lamanzi kuphela, okubonelela ngomfanekiso ochanekileyo wobukhulu namandla ezikhukula.
3. Isixhobo Sokuxilonga Ukufuduka – “Isixhobo Sokujongisisa Impilo” seZiseko Zophuhliso
- Iteknoloji kunye noMsebenzi: Iimitha zokuqhekeka kunye neemitha zokuthambeka zifakelwe kwiziseko zolawulo lwezikhukula ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nee-levees, iindonga zokugcina, kunye neenkxaso zebhulorho. Ezi sensors zokufuduka zinokujonga ukuba isakhiwo siyaqhekeka, sizinza, okanye siyathambeka ngokuchanekileyo ngokwemilimitha okanye ngaphezulu.
- Imeko yesicelo: Ukuncipha komhlaba yingxaki enkulu kwiindawo ezithile zaseJakarta, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko kwixesha elide kukhuseleko lwezakhiwo zolawulo lwezikhukula ezifana nee-levees. Izinzwa zokufuduka zifakwa kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo apho kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho iingozi.
- Indima: Inika izilumkiso zokhuseleko kwisakhiwo. Ngexesha lezikhukula, amanqanaba aphezulu amanzi abangela uxinzelelo olukhulu kwiilevees. Izinzwa zokufuduka zinokubona ukuguquguquka okuncinci kwisakhiwo. Ukuba izinga lokuguquguquka ngequbuliso likhawuleza okanye lidlula umda wokhuseleko, inkqubo ikhupha i-alamu, ebonisa umngcipheko weentlekele zesibini ezifana nokusilela kwedama okanye ukudilika komhlaba. Oku kukhokela ukufuduka kunye nokulungiswa okungxamisekileyo, kuthintela iziphumo ezimbi kakhulu.
III. Ukuhlanganiswa kweNkqubo kunye noBuchule boMsebenzi
Ezi sensors azisebenzi zodwa kodwa zisebenza ngokubambisana ngeqonga elidibeneyo:
- Ukufunyanwa kwedatha: Inzwa nganye iqokelela idatha ngokuzenzekelayo nangokuqhubekayo.
- Ukuhanjiswa kwedatha: Idatha idluliselwa ngexesha langempela kwiseva yedatha yengingqi okanye ephakathi ngeenethiwekhi zonxibelelwano ezingenazingcingo.
- Uhlalutyo lweDatha kunye nokwenza izigqibo: Isoftware yokumisela i-hydrological kwiziko idibanisa idatha yemvula, inqanaba lamanzi, kunye nokukhupha idatha ukuze kuqhutywe ukulinganisa uqikelelo lwezikhukula, iqikelela ixesha lokufika kunye nobukhulu bencopho yezikhukula. Kwangaxeshanye, idatha ye-displacement sensor ihlalutywa ngokwahlukeneyo ukuze kuvavanywe uzinzo lweziseko zophuhliso.
- Ukusasazwa Kwesilumkiso: Xa nayiphi na indawo yedatha enye okanye indibaniselwano yedatha idlula imida ebekiweyo, inkqubo ikhupha izilumkiso kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezifana neSMS, ii-apps zeselula, imidiya yoluntu, kunye nee-siren eziya kwiiarhente zikarhulumente, amasebe okuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye noluntu olukwiindawo ezikufutshane nomlambo.
IV. Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nemingeni
- Ukusebenza kakuhle:
- Ixesha elongezelelweyo lokuKhokhela: Amaxesha okulumkisa aphucukile ukusuka kwiiyure ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo ukuya kwiiyure ezingama-24-48 ngoku, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu amandla okuphendula xa kukho ingxamiseko.
- Ukwenziwa Kwezigqibo Zenzululwazi: Ii-odolo zokufuduka kunye nokwabiwa kwezixhobo zichaneke ngakumbi kwaye ziyasebenza, zisekelwe kwidatha yexesha langempela kunye neemodeli zohlalutyo.
- Ukunciphisa Ukulahleka Kobomi Nempahla: Izilumkiso zakwangoko zithintela ngokuthe ngqo iingozi kwaye zinciphisa umonakalo kwimpahla.
- UkuBeka esweni uKhuseleko lweZiseko zoPhuhliso: Kuvumela ukubekwa esweni kwempilo okukrelekrele nokuqhelekileyo kwezakhiwo zolawulo lwezikhukula.
- Imingeni:
- Iindleko Zokwakha Nokugcina Izinto Zisemgangathweni: Inethiwekhi yenzwa egubungela indawo enkulu ifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu lokuqala kunye neendleko zokulungisa eziqhubekayo.
- Ukhuseleko loNxibelelwano: Ukhuseleko oluzinzileyo lothungelwano lusengumngeni kwiindawo ezikude ezineentaba.
- Ukwaziswa koLuntu: Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiyalezo yezilumkiso ifikelela kubasebenzisi bokugqibela kwaye ibakhuthaze ukuba bathathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo kufuna imfundo eqhubekayo kunye noqeqesho.
Isiphelo
I-Indonesia, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu bezikhukula ezifana neJakarta, yakha inkqubo yokulumkisa kwangaphambili ngezikhukula ngokusasaza iinethiwekhi zesensor eziphambili ezimelwe ziimitha zokuhamba kweradar, iigeyiji zemvula, kunye neesensor zokufuduka. Olu phononongo lubonisa ngokucacileyo indlela imodeli yokubeka esweni edibeneyo—ukudibanisa isibhakabhaka (ukubeka esweni imvula), umhlaba (ukubeka esweni umlambo), kunye nobunjineli (ukubeka esweni iziseko zophuhliso)—enokutshintsha indlela yokusabela kwintlekele ukusuka ekuhlanguleni emva kwesiganeko ukuya kwisilumkiso sangaphambi kwesiganeko kunye nokuthintela kwangaphambili, okubonelela ngamava aluncedo axabisekileyo kumazwe nakwiindawo ezijongene nemingeni efanayo kwihlabathi liphela.
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Ixesha leposi: Sep-22-2025