Ngelixa iindawo zoomatshini zixinene xa kunetha kwaye ziqhekeka sisichotho, inzwa engenazo iindawo ezishukumayo ngokuzolileyo iba 'ngumlindi othuleyo' wokujonga imozulu—ingekuko nje ukubala imvula, kodwa ichaza ubume obukhethekileyo bethontsi ngalinye.
Kangangeenkulungwane, ingqiqo ephambili yokulinganisa imvula ayizange itshintshe: bamba amanzi emvula kwisikhongozeli esikwindawo eyaziwayo, uze uwalinganise, uwalinganise, okanye uwabale. Ukususela kwiigeyiji zemvula zamandulo zaseTshayina ukuya kwiimodeli zanamhlanje zebhakethi, i-essence ibiyi-"capture" kunye "nobuninzi."
Sekunjalo, kukho utshintsho olungabonakaliyo kwindlela yokubona izinto. I-optical rain sensor—okanye i-optical disdrometer—ilahla zonke izinto ezisebenza ngoomatshini. Ayiyi “kuqokelela” imvula; endaweni yoko, “ihlola” isibhakabhaka ngokukhanya, njengomcuphi wefiziksi ongadinwayo, idala “iprofayili yedijithali” kwangoko kuyo yonke intwana yemvula edlula kwindawo yayo yokubona.
Isiseko soBugcisa: Xa Ukukhanya Kudibana neNqamza yeMvula
Umgaqo wayo wokusebenza umhle kakhulu kwifiziksi yayo:
- Khupha kwaye Ufumane: Inzwa ikhupha umqadi ogxile kakhulu we-laser okanye ukukhanya kwe-infrared, kunye nesamkeli esichanekileyo se-optical kwelinye icala.
- Ukuguqulwa kweSignali kunye nokuPhazanyiswa: Ngaphandle kwemvula, umamkeli ufumana isignali ezinzileyo. Xa ithontsi lemvula (okanye ikhephu, ilitye lesichotho) linqumla umqadi, livala okomzuzwana kwaye lisasaze ukukhanya, nto leyo ebangela "ukuntywila" okuphawulekayo kwisignali efunyenweyo.
- Ukubala okuBukrelekrele: Iprosesa ekwinqwelo ihlalutya ubude kunye nobunzulu bokuntywila kwesi siginali ngexesha langempela. Ii-algorithms ezintsonkothileyo emva koko zifumana ububanzi besuntswana ngalinye kunye nesantya sokuwa.
- Isiphumo seDatha: Ngeenkcukacha-manani eziqhubekayo, ayivelisi nje kuphela imvula iyonke kunye nobukhali bayo, kodwa ikwavelisa nokusasazwa kobungakanani bethontsi, kwaye inokwahlula phakathi kwemvula, ikhephu, isichotho, kunye nokuna kwemvula.
Kutheni le nto iyinto entsha? Iingenelo ezine eziphazamisayo
1. Ukuchaneka Okugqibeleleyo, Sala Kakuhle “ekubaleni Okungaphantsi”
Iigeyiji zebhakethi zemveli zinokubalwa kancinci kakhulu xa kunetha imvula enkulu (iimpazamo ezingaphezulu kwama-20%) njengoko ibhakethi ingenakukwazi ukujika ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo. Iisensa ze-optical zisampulu kwi-millisecond frequency, zifikelela kwi-99% yokuphelela kwedatha nokuba kukho iimvula ezinamandla kakhulu, zibalasele ekubambeni isiqalo, isiphelo, kunye neencopho zemvula ezichanekileyo.
2. Idatha enamacala amaninzi: Ukusuka "kwisimbuku" ukuya "kwisithombe"
Izixhobo zemveli ziphendula kuphela ngokuthi “ingakanani.” Izinzwa ze-optical zipeyinta “umfanekiso we-microphysical” wemvula: Ingaba yenziwe ngamathontsi amancinci angenakubalwa okanye ilawulwa ngamathontsi ambalwa amakhulu? Oku kubalulekile ekufundeni ukukhukuliseka komhlaba (amathontsi amakhulu ayonakalisa ngakumbi), ukulinganiswa kweradar, ukuqinisekiswa kwemodeli yemozulu, kunye nokuqikelela amanzi.
3. Ukusebenza Okungekho Lungiselelo, Ngokungenaloyiko Kwiimeko Ezinzima Kakhulu
Ekubeni ingenazo izixhobo zoomatshini zokuqandisa, ukuvaleka, ukuguguleka, okanye ukubola, uyilo lwayo "lwesimo esiqinileyo" luvumela ukuthunyelwa kwiincopho zeentaba ezikude, ii-buoys zaselwandle, izithuthi ezihambayo, kunye needroni. Ayifuni kulungiswa phantse, kwaye ubomi bayo buhlala ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi.
4. Ukuhambelana kwe-IoT yemveli
Ngokwendalo, idatha ithunyelwa ngqo ngeenethiwekhi ezingenazingcingo. Yindawo efanelekileyo yokwakha iinethiwekhi zokujonga imozulu ezixineneyo, ezingabizi kakhulu, nezikrelekrele, ezibonelela ngedatha egqibeleleyo engakhange ibonwe ngaphambili yokulawula izikhukula zesixeko, ezolimo ezichanekileyo, ukhuseleko lweenqwelo moya, kunye nophando lwesayensi.
Iziganeko zeSicelo eziTshintsha iHlabathi
Imeko 1: “Umntu Okhupha Imibiko” Kwizikhukula Ezikhawulezileyo
Kwii-Swiss Alps, iinethiwekhi ze-optical sensor ezifakwe kwiindawo ezinamanzi amaninzi aziboneleli nje kuphela ngenani elichanekileyo lemvula, kodwa, ngedatha yobukhulu bethontsi ngexesha langempela, zichonga ukuba imvula "inobungozi obukhulu bokugeleza kwamanzi" (amathontsi amakhulu) okanye "inobungozi obuphantsi." Ngo-2023, inkqubo enjalo yabonelela ngesilumkiso esibalulekileyo semizuzu engama-45 ngaphambili malunga nezikhukula zesantya xa kuthelekiswa neenethiwekhi zemveli.
Imeko yesi-2: “IMboniselo” yoKhuseleko lweSikhululo seenqwelo-moya
Kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya saseFrankfurt, izixhobo zokubona ezikufutshane neendlela zokubaleka iinqwelo-moya zahlula ngexesha langempela phakathi kwemvula ebandayo, ii-pellets zomkhenkce, kunye nekhephu, zithumela idatha yohlobo kunye nobunzima ngqo kwiqela lolawulo kunye namaqela okususa i-icing. Oku kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-icing ngama-30% kwaye kwaphucula kakhulu ukhuseleko lokusuka/ukuthatha isigqibo sokufika.
Imeko 3: "I-Microscope" yoPhando lwezoLimo
Iqela lophando lwe-UC lisebenzisa izinzwa zokukhanya ukuhlalutya iimpawu "zemvula" eziveliswa ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunkcenkceshela (i-drip vs. sprinkler). Le datha incede ukuphucula uyilo lwentloko ye-sprinkler, iphucula ukufana kwamanzi okunkcenkceshela nge-15% kwaye inciphisa uqweqwe lomhlaba olubangelwa ngamaconsi amakhulu.
Imeko 4: "Umgcini-zincwadi" weSayensi yeMozulu
Kwizikhululo zophando zaseAntarctic, izinzwa ze-optical ziphakathi kwezihloli ezimbalwa zemvula ezisebenza unyaka wonke kwi--50°C. Zibonelela izazinzulu ngeerekhodi zokuqala eziqhubekayo nezichanekileyo ze-spectra yemvula eqinileyo (ikhephu, i-ice crystal) ezivela kulo mmandla, nto leyo ephucula iimodeli zemozulu zehlabathi.
Imingeni kunye neKamva: Encinci, Ekrelekrele, Naphi na
Okwangoku, izinzwa ze-optical zibiza kakhulu kunezo ze-mechanical zemveli kwaye zifuna ukulinganiswa ngononophelo ngexesha lokufakwa. Kodwa ikamva licacile:
- Iindleko ze-Chip-Scale Miniaturization kunye ne-Plummeting: Itekhnoloji ye-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) idibanisa iiyunithi zokuva ukukhanya kwiitships, kwaye iindleko kulindeleke ukuba zifikelele kwiimarike zabathengi kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu.
- Ukuqatshelwa Okuphuculweyo kwe-AI: Ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga nokucoca imiqondiso engeyiyo imvula (ezifana nezinambuzane, uthuli) kunye nokwahlulahlula ngokuchanekileyo iintlobo zemvula.
- "Ubukrelekrele Bokungqungqa" obuNethiwekhi: Amawaka eenzwa ze-micro-optical ezenza iinethiwekhi ezixineneyo ziza kudwelisa "amasimi emvula e-3D" ngokobukhulu besixeko, zibone intshukumo kunye nokuguquka kwemvula ngexesha langempela.
Isiphelo: Ukusuka “ekulinganiseni imozulu” ukuya “ekuqondeni ifiziksi yomoya”
Ukubaluleka kwesivamvo semvula esibonakalayo kudlulela ngaphaya kokubonelela ngamanani achanekileyo ngakumbi. Siphawula utshintsho lokujonga imozulu kunye ne-hydrological ukusuka kwixesha lokulinganisa okukhulu ukuya kwixesha lohlalutyo oluncinci.
Okokuqala ngqa, kusenza sikwazi "ukubona" iiyunithi ezisisiseko zeentlama zemvula ngomlinganiselo omkhulu nangokufikelelekayo, ziguqula yonke imvula kunye neqhwa zibe ngumjelo wedatha olungele uhlalutyo olunzulu. Lo msebe wokukhanya othuleyo awukhanyisi nje kuphela indlela yamaconsi emvula, kodwa nendlela yoluntu eya kulawulo olulumkileyo noluneenkcukacha ngakumbi lwezixhobo zamanzi kwixesha lotshintsho lwemozulu.
Xa sidlulela ngaphaya kokubuza “ingakanani imvula enayo” sisiya kubuza “Njani“Ngaba imvula yana,” siqala isahluko esitsha kwi-hydrometeorology.
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Ixesha leposi: Disemba-09-2025