Uphononongo olutsha lubonisa indlela ukungcola okuvela kwimisebenzi yabantu okuchaphazela ngayo ukukwazi kwabo ukufumana iintyatyambo
Kuyo nayiphi na indlela exakekileyo, iintsalela zomphunga wemoto zixhonywe emoyeni, phakathi kwazo kukho i-nitrogen oxides kunye ne-ozone. Ezi zinto zingcolisayo, ezikhutshwa ziindawo ezininzi zoshishino kunye nezityalo zamandla, zihamba emoyeni kangangeeyure ukuya kwiminyaka. Izazinzulu bezisazi kudala ukuba ezi khemikhali ziyingozi kwimpilo yabantu. Kodwa ngoku, ubungqina obandayo bubonisa ukuba ezi zinto zingcolisayo zenza ubomi bube nzima kwizinambuzane ezisasaza impova kunye nezityalo ezixhomekeke kuzo.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zongcoliseko lomoya zisabela kwiikhemikhali ezenza ivumba lentyatyambo, zitshintsha ubungakanani kunye nokwakheka kweekhompawundi ngendlela ethintela amandla omntu othulula impova ekufumaneni iintyatyambo. Ukongeza ekukhangeleni iimpawu ezibonakalayo ezifana nokuma okanye umbala wentyatyambo, izinambuzane zixhomekeke “kwimephu” yevumba, indibaniselwano yeemolekyuli zevumba ezikhethekileyo kuhlobo ngalunye lwentyatyambo, ukuze zifumane isityalo ezisifunayo. I-ozone esezantsi kunye ne-nitrogen oxides zisabela kwiimolekyuli zevumba leentyatyambo, zidala iikhemikhali ezintsha ezisebenza ngokwahlukileyo.
“Itshintsha ngokusisiseko ivumba elifunwa yile sinambuzane,” utshilo uBen Langford, isazinzulu somoya kwiZiko le-Ecology and Hydrology lase-UK ophanda ngale ngxaki.
Iingcali zokungenisa impova zifunda ukudibanisa indibaniselwano ekhethekileyo yeekhemikhali ezikhutshwa yintyatyambo nezo ntlobo zithile kunye nomvuzo wazo weswekile. Xa ezi zinto zibuthathaka zidibana nongcoliseko olusabela kakhulu, ezi mpendulo zitshintsha inani leemolekyuli zevumba leentyatyambo kunye nobungakanani bohlobo ngalunye lwemolekyuli, nto leyo etshintsha ngokusisiseko ivumba.
Abaphandi bayazi ukuba i-ozone ihlasela uhlobo lwekhabhoni efumaneka kwiimolekyuli zevumba leentyatyambo. Kwelinye icala, ii-nitrogen oxides ziyinto engaqondakaliyo, kwaye akukacaci kakuhle ukuba iimolekyuli zevumba leentyatyambo zisabela njani ngokwekhemikhali kolu hlobo lwekhompawundi. “Le mephu yevumba ibaluleke kakhulu kwizidalwa ezithutha ivumba, ingakumbi izidalwa ezithutha ivumba ezibhabhayo,” utshilo uJames Ryalls, umphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseReading. “Kukho iinyosi ezithile, umzekelo, ezinokubona intyatyambo kuphela xa zingaphantsi kwemitha enye ukusuka kwintyatyambo, ngoko ke ivumba libaluleke kakhulu kuzo xa zifuna ukutya.”
ULangford kunye namanye amalungu eqela lakhe baqalisa ukuqonda indlela i-ozone etshintsha ngayo ngqo imo ye-plume yevumba lentyatyambo. Basebenzise i-wind tunnel kunye nee-sensors ukulinganisa ulwakhiwo lwelifu levumba elenziwa ziintyatyambo xa zikhupha ivumba lazo elikhethekileyo. Abaphandi emva koko bakhupha i-ozone kumanqanaba amabini, elinye lawo lifana noko i-UK ikubonayo ngexesha lasehlotyeni xa amanqanaba e-ozone ephezulu, kwi-tunnel ene-molecules yevumba leentyatyambo. Bafumanise ukuba i-ozone itya imiphetho ye-plume, ifinyeza ububanzi nobude.
Abaphandi basebenzise ithuba lokwenziwa kwe-honeybee reflex eyaziwa ngokuba yi-proboscis extension. Njengenja kaPavlov, eyayithi xa ikhala intsimbi yesidlo sangokuhlwa, iinyosi zobusi ziya kwandisa inxalenye yomlomo wazo esebenza njengetyhubhu yokutya, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-proboscis, ukuphendula ivumba elidibaniswa nomvuzo weswekile. Xa izazinzulu zanika ezi nyosi ivumba ezaziliva ngesiqhelo iimitha ezintandathu ukusuka kwintyatyambo, zakhupha i-proboscis yazo iipesenti ezingama-52 zexesha. Oku kwehle ukuya kwi-38 yeepesenti yexesha le-compound yevumba emele ivumba kwiimitha ezili-12 ukusuka kwintyatyambo.
Nangona kunjalo, xa basebenzisa utshintsho olufanayo kwivumba elaliza kwenzeka kwi-plume eyonakaliswe yi-ozone, iinyosi zasabela kuphela kwi-32 ekhulwini yexesha kumgama weemitha ezintandathu kunye ne-10 ekhulwini yexesha kumgama weemitha ezili-12. “Uyayibona le miphumo imangalisayo kwinani leenyosi ezinokuliqonda ivumba,” utshilo uLangford.
Uninzi lophando ngalo mba lwenziwe kwiindawo zelebhu, kungekhona endle okanye kwindawo yendalo yezinambuzane. Ukujongana nalo msantsa wolwazi, izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yaseReading zibeka iimpompo ezityhala i-ozone okanye i-diesel exhaust kwiindawo zentsimi yengqolowa. Uvavanyo olubekwe kwiindawo ezivulekileyo eziziimitha ezingama-26 lunceda abaphandi ukuba bavavanye imiphumo yongcoliseko lomoya kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezisasaza impova.
Iqela labaphandi lijonge iiseti zezityalo zemastadi kwimihlaba yokutyelela izinambuzane ezisasaza imbewu. Amanye amagumbi ayenomoya ophuma kwidizili ofakwe kumanqanaba angaphantsi kwemigangatho yomgangatho womoya ojikelezileyo we-EPA. Kwezo ndawo, bekukho ukwehla okufikelela kuma-90 ekhulwini kwamandla ezinambuzane okufumana iintyatyambo ezixhomekeke kuzo ekutyeni. Ukongeza, izityalo zemastadi ezisetyenzisiweyo kolu phando, nangona ziziintyatyambo ezisasaza imbewu ngokwazo, ziye zancipha ukuya kuthi ga kuma-31 ekhulwini kwezinye iindlela zokukhula kwembewu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuncipha komoya osasaza imbewu ngenxa yongcoliseko lomoya.
Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba izinambuzane ezisasaza impova ngokwazo zijongene nemingeni eyahlukileyo ngenxa yamanqanaba angoku ongcoliseko lomoya. Kodwa xa zisebenza kunye nezinye iingxaki ezijongene nezi zinambuzane, ungcoliseko lomoya lunokubangela iingxaki kwi
Singabonelela ngee-sensors zokulinganisa uluhlu olubanzi lweegesi
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-08-2024